Abstract
In situ burning (ISB) aided by OP-40 is one of the best suited and effective oil spill response techniques for Arctic conditions. However, the fate of OP-40 in the environment after an ISB event is not fully understood, especially the amount of OP-40 remaining within the burned oil residues. Previous studies reported partial accumulation of OP-40 in water, and no OP-40 was measured in the air emissions following the burn. Accumulation of OP-40 in burned oil residues is not appropriately quantified as it is challenging to process and analyze burned oil samples in the laboratory, and there exists no standard method in the literature to measure and quantify OP-40 in burned residues. In this work, we report on the development of an analytical method for the quantification of OP-40 in burned oil residues using column chromatography, followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis which was successfully employed to measure more than 90% of the applied OP-40 in the burned residues for controlled bench-scale burns. Additionally, the robustness of the developed method was further tested by measuring OP-40 in burn residues from ISBs conducted at different oil–water emulsion ratios (60–100% oil) and water temperatures (4–35 °C), wherein known amounts of OP-40 were added to the residues. Results indicate that the method is equally effective for different oil–water emulsions, but the OP-40 recoveries (89.2–115.6%) are significantly higher at warmer temperatures than the OP-40 recoveries (87.0–103.3%) at colder temperatures. Overall, the method developed in this work could assist in the understanding of the fate of OP-40 in a potentially important environmental matrix of burned oil residues that are left behind sometimes long (weeks to years) after an ISB event.
Graphical Abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aggarwal S, Schnabel W, Buist I, Garron J, Bullock R, Perkins R, Potter S, Cooper D (2017) Aerial application of herding agents to advance in-situ burning for oil spill response in the Arctic: a pilot study. Cold Reg Sci Technol 135:97–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2016.12.010
Armbruster DA, Tillman MD, Hubbs LM (1994) Limit of detection (LOD)/limit of quantitation (LOQ): comparison of the empirical and the statistical methods exemplified with GC-MS assays of abused drugs. Clin Chem 40:1233–1238. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/40.7.1233
Bonnington LS, Henderson W, Zabkiewicz JA (2004) Characterization of synthetic and commercial trisiloxane surfactant materials. Appl Organomet Chem 18:28–38. https://doi.org/10.1002/AOC.563
Buist I, Potter S, Zabilansky L, Meyer P, Mullin J (2006) Mid-scale test tank research on using oil herding surfactants to thicken oil slicks in pack ice: an update. In: Environment Canada Arctic and marine oil spill program technical seminar (AMOP) proceedings, pp 691–709
Buist I, Potter S, Nedwed T, Mullin J (2011) Herding surfactants to contract and thicken oil spills in pack ice for in situ burning. Cold Reg Sci Technol 67:3–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COLDREGIONS.2011.02.004
Buist I, Cooper D, Trudel K, Fritt-Rasmussen J, Wegeberg S, Gustavson K, Lassen P, Rojas Alva WU, Zabilansky L (2018) Research investigations into herder fate, effects and windows-of-opportunity. Int Assoc Oil Gas Prod 29:1–223
Bullock RJ, Aggarwal S, Perkins RA, Schnabel W (2017) Scale-up considerations for surface collecting agent assisted in-situ burn crude oil spill response experiments in the Arctic: laboratory to field-scale investigations. J Environ Manag 190:266–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2016.12.044
Bullock RJ, Perkins RA, Aggarwal S (2019) In-situ burning with chemical herders for Arctic oil spill response: meta-analysis and review. Sci Total Environ 675:705–716. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2019.04.127
Chebbi R (2001) Viscous-gravity spreading of oil on water. AIChE J 47:288–294. https://doi.org/10.1002/AIC.690470207
Chen J, Mullin CA (2015) Characterization of trisiloxane surfactants from agrochemical adjuvants and pollinator-related matrices using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 63:5120–5125. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf505634x
Clesceri LS, Eaton AD, Arnold E (1996) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater: 19th edition supplement. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC
Federici C, Mintz J (2014) Oil properties and their impact on spill response options. CNA Anal Solut 6:66
Fingas M (2012) The basics of oil spill cleanup. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b13686
Fingas M, Fieldhouse B (2012) Studies on water-in-oil products from crude oils and petroleum products. Mar Pollut Bull 64:272–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.11.019
Fritt-Rasmussen J, Gustavson K, Wegeberg S, Møller EF, Nørregaard RD, Lassen P, Buist I, Cooper D, Trudel K, Alva WUR, Jomaas G (2017) Ongoing research on herding agents for in situ burning in Arctic waters: studies on fate and effects. In: International oil spill conference proceedings, Allen Press, pp 2976–2995. https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.2976
Fritt-Rasmussen J, Møller EF, Kyhn LA, Wegeberg S, Lassen P, Cooper D, Gustavson K (2021) Biodegradation, bioaccumulation and toxicity of oil spill herding agents in Arctic waters as part of an ecotoxicological screening. Water Air Soil Pollut 232:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05332-8
Gupta MN, Batra R, Tyagi R, Sharma A (1997) Polarity index: the guiding solvent parameter for enzyme stability in aqueous-organic cosolvent mixtures. Biotechnol Prog 13:284–288. https://doi.org/10.1021/bp9700263
Gupta D, Sarker B, Thadikaran K, John V, Maldarelli C, John G (2015) Sacrificial amphiphiles: eco-friendly chemical herders as oil spill mitigation chemicals. Sci Adv. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1400265
Hoff RZ (1993) Bioremediation: an overview of its development and use for oil spill cleanup. Mar Pollut Bull 26:476–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(93)90463-T
Keitel-Gröner F, Bechmann RK, Engen F, Lyng E, Taban IC, Baussant T (2021) Effects of crude oil and field-generated burned oil residue on northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) larvae. Mar Environ Res 168:105314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105314
Kingston PF (2002) Long-term environmental impact of oil spills. Spill Sci Technol Bull 7:53–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1353-2561(02)00051-8
Lane P, Newsom P, Buist I, Nedwed T, Tidwell A, Flagg K (2012) Recent efforts to develop and commercialize oil herders. In: Proceedings of the 35th AMOP technical seminar on environmental contamination and response, pp 472–479
Leepipatpiboon N, Pancharoen U, Ramakul P (2013) Separation of Co(II) and Ni(II) from thiocyanate media by hollow fiber supported liquid membrane containing Alamine300 as carrier—investigation on polarity of diluent and membrane stability. Korean J Chem Eng 30:194–200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-012-0111-3
Pope P, Allen A, Nelson WG (1985) Assessment of three surface collecting agents during temperate and arctic conditions. In: International oil spill conference proceedings. Allen Press, pp 199–201. https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1985-1-199
Sartz P, Aggarwal S (2017) Ambient air quality in the vicinity of a herder mediated in-situ burn field test in Alaska. In: International oil spill conference proceedings. International oil spill conference, p 2017149. https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.000149
SL Ross Environmental Research Ltd. (2015) Reaserch summary: herding surfactants to contract and thicken oil spills for in situ burning in arctic waters
US EPA (2021) NCP Product Schedule (products available for use on oil spills)|US EPA (WWW Document). https://www.epa.gov/emergency-response/alphabetical-list-ncp-product-schedule-products-available-use-during-oil-spill. Accessed 22 Oct 2021
van Gelderen L, Fritt-Rasmussen J, Jomaas G (2017) Effectiveness of a chemical herder in association with in-situ burning of oil spills in ice-infested water. Mar Pollut Bull 115:345–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.12.036
Wilkinson J, Beegle-Krause C, Evers K-U, Hughes N, Lewis A, Reed M, Wadhams P (2017) Oil spill response capabilities and technologies for ice-covered Arctic marine waters: a review of recent developments and established practices. Ambio, pp 423–441. https://doi.org/10.1007/S13280-017-0958-Y
Yang W, Wang X, Ni S, Liu X, Liu R, Hu C, Dai H (2021) Effective extraction of aromatic monomers from lignin oil using a binary petroleum ether/dichloromethane solvent. Sep Purif Technol 267:118599. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SEPPUR.2021.118599
Zhang W, He H, Feng Y, Da S (2003) Separation and purification of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine from soybean degummed oil residues by using solvent extraction and column chromatography. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci 798:323–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.10.005
Funding
Author S.A. acknowledges support from an early career research fellowship from the Gulf Research Program of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the Gulf Research Program of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Hasan, M.I., Aggarwal, S. In Situ Burning for Oil Spill Response in the Arctic: Recovery and Quantification of Chemical Herding Agent OP-40 from Burned Oil Residues. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 84, 153–163 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-022-00958-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-022-00958-z