Abstract
Human activities have led to the release of organophosphate esters (OPEs) into the environment. This study aims to investigate the levels and partitioning of OPEs in surface water, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediments of landscape waters across eleven parks in the city of Chengdu, a megacity in Southwest China. The average concentration of Σ6OPEs in the SPM samples (median: 2.94 × 103 ng/L, 6.88 × 104 ng/g dry weight) was 1–3 orders of magnitude higher than that in the surface water (median: 359 ng/L) and sediment (median: 82.8 ng/g) samples. Tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), tris-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP) and trichloropropyl phosphate (TCIPP) were the primary OPE pollutants in the surface water and SPM samples, while TnBP, tris-(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) and tris-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) predominated the sediment samples. The higher log Koc values of OPEs in park landscape water bodies estimated in the present study relative to previous studies could be explained by the environmental conditions, such as the sources of the inputs and the hydraulic retention times in these surface waters.
Graphical abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bacaloni A, Cucci F, Guarino C, Nazzari M, Samperi R, Laganà A (2008) Occurrence of organophosphorus flame retardant and plasticizers in three volcanic lakes of central Italy. Environ Sci Technol 42(6):1898–1903. https://doi.org/10.1021/es702549g
Bester K (2005) Comparison of TCIPP concentrations in sludge and wastewater in a typical German sewage treatment plant-comparison of sewage sludge from 20 plants. J Environ Monit 7(5):509–513. https://doi.org/10.1039/b502318a
Cao S, Zeng X, Song H, Li H, Yu Z, Sheng G, Fu J (2012) Levels and distributions of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in sediment from Taihu Lake. China Environ Toxicol Chem 31(7):1478–1484. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.1872
Cao DD, Guo JH, Wang YW, Li ZN, Liang K, Corcoran MB, Hosseini S, Bonina SMC, Rockne KJ, Sturchio NC, Giesy JP, Liu JF, Li A (2017) Organophosphate esters in sediment of the great lakes. Environ Sci Technol 51(3):1441–1449. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b05484
Cheng D, Liu X, Wang L, Gong W, Liu G, Fu W, Cheng M (2014) Seasonal variation and sediment-water exchange of antibiotics in a shallower large lake in North China. Sci Total Environ 476(1):266–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.010
Clark AE, Yoon S, Sheesley RJ, Usenko S (2017) Spatial and temporal distributions of organophosphate ester concentrations from atmospheric particulate matter samples collected across Houston, TX. Environ Sci Technol 51(8):4239–4247. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00115
Cristale J, García VA, Barata C, Lacorte S (2013) Priority and emerging flame retardants in rivers: occurrence in water and sediment, Daphnia magna toxicity and risk assessment. Environ Int 59:232–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.011
Cui K, Wen J, Zeng F, Li S, Zhou X, Zeng Z (2017) Occurrence and distribution of organophosphate esters in urban soils of the subtropical city, Guangzhou, China. Chemosphere 175:514–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.070
Deng X, Yin HL, He WL, Luo Y, Wu D, Luo L, Chen J (2019) Distribution and migration of organophosphate in soil and crops in Chengdu City/suburb profile. Environ Chem 38(03):679–685. https://doi.org/10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2018042803
Du Z, Wang G, Gao S, Wang Z (2015) Aryl organophosphate flame retardants induced cardiotoxicity during zebrafish embryogenesis: by disturbing expression of the transcriptional regulators. Aquat Toxicol 161:25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.01.027
Gao L, Shi Y, Li W, Liu J, Cai Y (2016) Occurrence and distribution of organophosphate triesters and diesters in sludge from sewage treatment plants of Beijing, China. Sci Total Environ 544:143–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.094
Giulivo M, Capri E, Kalogianni E, Milacic R, Majone B, Ferrari F, Barceló D (2017) Occurrence of halogenated and organophosphate flame retardants in sediment and fish samples from three European river basins. Sci Total Environ 586:782–791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.056
Green N, Schlabach M, Bakke T, Brevik E M, Dye C, Herzke D, Huber S, Plosz B, Remberger M, Schoyen M, Uggerud H T, Vogelsang C (2008) Screening of selected metals and new organic contaminants. Norwegian Pollution Control Agency. https://www.researchgate.net/publication
Guo J, Romank K, Westenbroek S, Hites RA, Venier M (2017) Current use flame retardants in the water of Lake Michigan tributaries. Environ Sci Technol 51(17):9960–9969. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b01294
Hou L, Jiang J, Gan Z, Dai YY, Yang P, Yan Y, Ding S, Su SJ, Bao XM (2019) Spatial distribution of organophosphorus and brominated flame retardants in surface water, sediment, groundwater, and wild fish in Chengdu, China. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 77:279–290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-019-00624-x
Martínez-Carballo E, González-Barreiro C, Sitka A, Scharf S, Gans O (2007) Determination of selected organophosphate esters in the aquatic environment of Austria. Sci Total Environ 388(1):290–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.08.005
Matsukami H, Tue N, Suzuki G, Someya M, Tuyen LH, Viet PH, Takahashi S, Tanabe S, Takigami H (2015) Flame retardant emission from e-waste recycling operation in northern Vietnam: environmental occurrence of emerging organophosphorus esters used as alternatives for PBDEs. Sci Total Environ 514:492–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.008
Matsukami H, Suzuki G, Tue NM, Tuyenle H, Viet PH, Takahashi S, Tanabe S, Takigami H (2016) Analysis of monomeric and oligomeric organophosphorus flame retardants in fish muscle tissues using liquid chromatograph electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry: application to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from an e-waste processing area in northern Vietnam. Emerg Contam 2(2):89–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emcon.2016.03.004
McDonough CA, De Silva AO, Sun C, Cabrerizo A, Adelman D, Soltwedel T, Bauerfeind E, Muir DCG, Lohmann R (2018) Dissolved organophosphate esters and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in remote marine environments: Arctic surface water distributions and net transport through Fram Strait. Environ Sci Technol 52(11):6208–6216. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b01127
Mihajlović I, Miloradov MV, Fries E (2011) Application of Twisselmann extraction, SPME, and GC-MS to assess input sources for organophosphate esters into soil. Environ Sci Technol 45(6):2264–2269. https://doi.org/10.1021/es103870f
Reemtsma T, Quintana JB, Rodil R, Garcı´a-Lo´pez M, Rodrı´guez I, (2008) Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in water and air I. Occurrence and Fate. Trends Anal Chem 27(9):727–737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2008.07.002
Regnery J, Püttmann W (2010) Seasonal fluctuations of organophosphate concentrations in precipitation and storm water runoff. Chemosphere 78(8):958–964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.027
Rodil R, Quintana JB, Concha-Graña E, López-Mahía P, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, Prada-Rodríguez D (2012) Emerging pollutants in sewage, surface and drinking water in Galicia (NW Spain). Chemosphere 86(10):1040–1049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.053
Santín G, Eljarrat E, Barceló D (2016) Simultaneous determination of 16 organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in fish by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1441:34–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.058
Schindler BK, FÖrster K, Angerer J (2009) Determination of human urinary organophosphate flame retardant metabolites by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B 877(4):375–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.12.030
Shah M, Meija J, Cabovska B, Caruso JA (2006) Determination of phosphoric acid triesters in human plasma using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1103(2):329–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.042
Shi Y, Gao L, Li W (2016) Occurrence distribution and seasonal variation of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in urban surface water in Beijing, China. Environ Pollut 209:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.11.008
Stapleton HM, Klosterhaus S, Eagle S, Fuh J, Meeker JD, Blum A, Webster TF (2009) Detection of organophosphate flame retardants in furniture foam and US house dust. Environ Sci Technol 43(19):7490–7495. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9014019
Takigami H, Suzuki G, Hirai Y, Ishikawa Y, Sunami M, Sakai SI (2009) Flame retardants in indoor dust and air of a hotel in Japan. Environ Int 35(4):688–693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2008.12.007
Tan XX, Luo XJ, Zheng XB, Li ZR, Sun RX, Mai BX (2016) Distribution of organophosphorus flame retardants in sediments from the Pearl River Delta in South China. Sci Total Environ 544:77–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.089
US EPA (2012) Estimation Programs Interface Suite for Microsoft Windows, v. US EPA, Washington, DC, USA
Veen I, Boer JD (2012) Phosphorus flame retardants: properties, production, environmental occurrence, toxicity and analysis. Chemosphere 88(10):1119–1153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.067
Venier M, Dove A, Romanak K, Backus S, Hites R (2014) Flame retardants and legacy chemicals in Great Lakes’ water. Environ Sci Technol 48(16):9563–9572. https://doi.org/10.1021/es501509r
Wan W, Zhang S, Huang H, Wu T (2016) Occurrence and distribution of organophosphorus esters in soils and wheat plants in a plastic waste treatment area in China. Environ Pollut 214:349–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.038
Wang R, Tang J, Xie Z, Mi W, Chen Y, Wolschke H, Ebinghaus R (2015) Occurrence and spatial distri-bution of organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers in 40 rivers draining into the Bo-hai Sea, north China. Environ Pollut 198:172–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.12.037
Wang T, Ding N, Wang T, Chen SJ, Luo XJ, Mai BX (2018a) Organophosphorus esters (OPEs) in PM2.5 in urban and e-waste recycling regions in southern China: concentrations, sources, and emissions. Environ Res 167:437–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.08.015
Wang X, Zhu L, Zhong W, Yang L (2018b) Partition and source identification of organophosphate esters in the water and sediment of Taihu Lake, China. J Hazard Mater 360:43–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.082
Wu D, Yin HL, Li SP, Wang ZW, Deng X, Luo Y, Luo L (2019) Pollution characteristics of organophosphates in surface water and sediment of Jinjiang River in Chengdu. Environ Sci 40(3):1245–1251. https://doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.201808038
Yin HL, Liang JF, Wu D, Li SP, Luo Y, Deng X (2020) Measurement report: seasonal, distribution and sources of organophosphate esters in PM2.5 from an inland urban city in southwest China. Atmos Chem Phys 20(23):14933–14945. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14933-2020
Yin HL, Liu Q, Deng X, Liu XW, Fang SH, Xiong YM, Song JJ (2021) Organophosphates (OPEs) in water, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediments of the Minjiang River, China. Chin Chem Lett. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2021.02.023
Zeng JM, Zhong SH, Qian W, Yuan SW, Zhu XS (2021) Pollution status and biological toxicity of organophosphate in water environment. Environ Sci. https://doi.org/10.19674/j.cnki.issn1000-6923.20210324.004
Zhang Y, Zheng X, Wei L, Sun R, Guo H, Liu X, Mai B (2018) The distribution and accumulation of phosphate flame retardants (PFRs) in water environment. Sci Total Environ 630:164–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.215
Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Fund of China (Nos. 41773072, 21407014)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yin, H., Liu, L., Liu, Q. et al. Levels and Distribution of Organophosphate Esters (OPEs) in Typical Megacity Wetland Park Landscape Water Bodies in Southwest China. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 82, 11–20 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-021-00899-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-021-00899-z