Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Magnetized Silane-Coupling Agent KH-570 Based Solid-Phase Extraction Followed by Gas Chromatography–Flame Ionization Detection to Determine Venlafaxine in Human Hair and Aqueous Environmental Samples

  • Published:
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the present study, a novel adsorbent, Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) functionalized by silane-coupling agent KH-570, was successfully synthesized. The prepared MNPs were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. It was applied as functionalized magnetic nano-adsorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction of trace levels of venlafaxine using gas chromatography with flame ionization detector. This method was developed and optimized for use in analysis of venlafaxine in human hair and aqueous environmental samples. The main factors influencing the extraction efficiency including pH of sample, amount of the MNPs, adsorption time, volume of sample, and desorption conditions such as volume of solvent and desorption time were studied and optimized. Under the optimized experimental conditions, good linearity was observed in the range of 1–1,000 µg L−1 for aqueous environmental samples with correlation coefficients (R 2) 0.996. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.1 and 0.5 μg L−1, respectively. Good reproducibility with the relative standard deviations (n = 5) 3.21 % was obtained. The developed method was successfully applied to the extraction of venlafaxine from spiked human hair, river water, and surface water samples and the relative recoveries of 89.36, 93.43, and 94.99 % were obtained, respectively. The results indicated that Fe3O4/KH-570 MNPs have a satisfying extraction efficiency and can be served as a sensitive, inexpensive, and reliable method for analysis of antidepressant drugs such as venlafaxine in biological and aqueous environmental samples.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bagheri H, Zandi O, Aghakhani A (2011) Extraction of fluoxetine from aquatic and urine samples using sodium dodecyl sulfate-coated iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles followed by spectrofluorimetric determination. Anal Chim Acta 692:80–84. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2011.02.060

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng Q, Qu F, Li NB, Luo HQ (2012) Mixed hemimicelles solid-phase extraction of chlorophenols in environmental water samples with 1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide-coated Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles with high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. Anal Chim Acta 715:113–119. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2011.12.004

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Creanga D, Calugaru G (2005) Physical investigations of a ferrofluid based on hydrocarbons. J Magn Magn Mater 289:81–83. doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2004.11.023

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dai J, Pan J, Xu L, Li X, Zhou Z, Zhang R, Yan Y (2012) Preparation of molecularly imprinted nanoparticles with superparamagnetic susceptibility through atom transfer radical emulsion polymerization for the selective recognition of tetracycline from aqueous medium. J Hazard Mater 205–206:179–188. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.12.056

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ebrahimi M, Es’haghi Z, Samadi F, Hosseini MS (2011) Ionic liquid mediated sol–gel sorbents for hollow fiber solid-phase microextraction of pesticide residues in water and hair samples. J Chromatogr A 1218:8313–8321. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2011.09.058

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faraji M, Yamini Y, Rezaee M (2010a) Magnetic nanoparticles: synthesis, stabilization, functionalization, characterization and applications. JICS 7:1–37. doi:10.1007/BF03245856

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faraji M, Yamini Y, Saleh A, Rezaee M, Ghambarian M, Hassani R (2010b) A nanoparticle-based solid-phase extraction procedure followed by flow injection inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry to determine some heavy metal ions in water samples. Anal Chim Acta 659:172–177. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2009.11.053

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kintz P, Tracqui A, Mangin P (1992) Detection of drugs in human hair for clinical and forensic applications. Int J Legal Med 105:1–4. doi:10.1007/BF01371228

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirchherr H, Kühn-Velten WN (2006) Quantitative determination of forty-eight antidepressants and antipsychotics in human serum by HPLC tandem mass spectrometry: a multi-level, single-sample approach. J Chromatogr B 843:100–113. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.05.031

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klabunde KJ (2002) Frontmatter and index. Nanoscale materials in chemistry. John Wiley Sons, Inc, New York, p i. doi:10.1002/0471220620.fmatter_indsub

    Google Scholar 

  • Kostopoulou M, Nikolaou A (2008) Analytical problems and the need for sample preparation in the determination of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in aqueous environmental matrices. TrAC Trends Analy Chem 27:1023–1035. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2008.09.011

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leun D, SenGupta AK (2000) Preparation and characterization of magnetically active polymeric particles (MAPPs) for complex environmental separations. Environ Sci Technol 34:3276–3282. doi:10.1021/es0010148

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin YS, Tsai PJ, Weng MF, Chen YC (2005) Affinity capture using vancomycin-bound magnetic nanoparticles for the MALDI-MS analysis of bacteria. Anal Chem 77:1753–1760. doi:10.1021/ac048990k

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu W, Wang F, Li H-d (2007) Simultaneous stereoselective analysis of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine enantiomers in human plasma by HPLC-ESI/MS using a vancomycin chiral column. J Chromatogr B 850:183–189. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.11.021

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malfará WR et al (2007) Reliable HPLC method for therapeutic drug monitoring of frequently prescribed tricyclic and nontricyclic antidepressants. J Pharm Biomed Anal 44:955–962. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2007.04.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mandrioli R, Mercolini L, Cesta R, Fanali S, Amore M, Raggi MA (2007) Analysis of the second generation antidepressant venlafaxine and its main active metabolite O-desmethylvenlafaxine in human plasma by HPLC with spectrofluorimetric detection. J Chromatogr B 856:88–94. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.05.046

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mashhadizadeh MH, Karami Z (2011) Solid phase extraction of trace amounts of Ag, Cd, Cu, and Zn in environmental samples using magnetic nanoparticles coated by 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-1-propantiol and modified with 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole and their determination by ICP-OES. J Hazard Mater 190:1023–1029. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.04.051

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mastrogianni O et al (2012) Determination of venlafaxine in post-mortem whole blood by HS-SPME and GC-NPD. Forensic Sci Int 215:105–109. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.05.008

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Medintz IL, Uyeda HT, Goldman ER, Mattoussi H (2005) Quantum dot bioconjugates for imaging, labelling and sensing. Nat Mater 4:435–446

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michalet X et al (2005) Quantum dots for live cells, in vivo imaging and Diagnostics. Science 307:538–544. doi:10.1126/science.1104274

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Möller K, Kobler J, Bein T (2007) Colloidal suspensions of nanometer-sized mesoporous silica. Adv Funct Mater 17:605–612. doi:10.1002/adfm.200600578

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Musshoff F, Madea B (2007) Analytical pitfalls in hair testing. Anal Bioanal Chem 388:1475–1494. doi:10.1007/s00216-007-1288-x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pragst F, Balikova MA (2006) State of the art in hair analysis for detection of drug and alcohol abuse. Clinica Chimica Acta 370:17–49

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qin XY, Meng J, Li XY, Zhou J, Sun XL, Wen AD (2008) Determination of venlafaxine in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography using cloud-point extraction and spectrofluorimetric detection. J Chromatogr B 872:38–42. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.06.052

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson PJ, Dunnill P, Lilly MD (1973) The properties of magnetic supports in relation to immobilized enzyme reactors. Biotechnol Bioeng 15:603–606. doi:10.1002/bit.260150318

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salgado-Petinal C, Lamas JP, Garcia-Jares C, Llompart M, Cela R (2005) Rapid screening of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors in urine samples using solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 382:1351–1359. doi:10.1007/s00216-005-3284-3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samanidou VF, Nika MK, Papadoyannis IN (2007) Development of an HPLC method for the monitoring of tricyclic antidepressants in biofluids. J Sep Sci 30:2391–2400. doi:10.1002/jssc.200700142

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shen HB, Hu M, Wang YB, Zhou HQ (2005) Polymerase chain reaction of nanoparticle-bound primers. Biophys Chem 115:63–66. doi:10.1016/j.bpc.2005.01.001

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith JE, Medley CD, Tang Z, Shangguan D, Lofton C, Tan W (2007) Aptamer-conjugated nanoparticles for the collection and detection of multiple cancer cells. Anal Chem 79:3075–3082. doi:10.1021/ac062151b

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Wang S, Niu H, Ma Y, Zeng T, Cai Y, Meng Z (2013) Preparation of polydopamine coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles and their application for enrichment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from environmental water samples. J Chromatogr A 1283:20–26. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.110

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wille SM, De Letter EA, Piette MH, Van Overschelde LK, Van Peteghem CH, Lambert WE (2009) Determination of antidepressants in human postmortem blood, brain tissue, and hair using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Int J Legal Med 123:451–458. doi:10.1007/s00414-008-0287-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao X, Shi Y, Cai Y, Mou S (2008) Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-coated magnetic nanoparticles for the preconcentration of phenolic compounds from environmental water samples. Environ Sci Technol 42:1201–1206. doi:10.1021/es071817w

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the support of this work by Islamic Azad University, Mashhad branch, Mashhad, Iran.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran

    Mahmoud Ebrahimi, Abdolhossein Ebrahimitalab & Arash Mohammadinejad

  2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Payame Noor University, PO Box 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran

    Zarrin Es’haghi

Authors
  1. Mahmoud Ebrahimi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Abdolhossein Ebrahimitalab
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Zarrin Es’haghi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Arash Mohammadinejad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Abdolhossein Ebrahimitalab.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ebrahimi, M., Ebrahimitalab, A., Es’haghi, Z. et al. Magnetized Silane-Coupling Agent KH-570 Based Solid-Phase Extraction Followed by Gas Chromatography–Flame Ionization Detection to Determine Venlafaxine in Human Hair and Aqueous Environmental Samples. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 68, 412–420 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-014-0100-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-014-0100-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation