Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Deposition of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Their Mass Transfer Coefficients Determined at a Trafficked Site

  • Published:
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

It is difficult to determine the deposition levels of gaseous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as even atmospheric PAHs mainly exist in the gas phase. Gaseous PAH fluxes across the air–water interface were measured in Merinos, Bursa, Turkey. Direct gaseous fluxes of PAHs were measured intermittently for the period August 2004 through May 2005 when there was no precipitation. A modified water surface sampler (WSS), including a filter holder and an XAD-2 resin column, was employed to collect the flux samples. Average gaseous PAH flux into the WSS, determined by analyzing the XAD-2 resin column, was 31,068 ± 16,035 ng m−2 d−1. This flux value was about 90% of the total (gaseous + particulate) PAH flux, which may indicate that gas exchange is a major removal mechanism for atmospheric PAHs in our sampling site. Variations in gas exchange fluxes likely resulted from changes in both meteorological conditions and concentrations whose level depends on many parameters including fuel characteristics and strength, combustion types, and their efficiencies. Vapor phase PAH fluxes were divided by ambient air concentrations measured with a high volume sampler to calculate overall gas phase PAH mass transfer coefficients (MTCs) (KG). The calculated average PAH MTC was 0.38 ± 0.17 cm s−1. The average MTC is comparable with ones calculated using a similar configuration of a WSS.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Azimi S, Rocher V, Muller M, Moilleron R, Thevenot DR (2005) Sources, distribution and variability of hydrocarbons and metals in atmospheric deposition in an urban area (Paris, France). Sci Total Environ 337:223–239

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker JE, Church TM, Eisenreich SJ, Fitzgerald WF, Scudlark JR (1993) Relative atmospheric loadings of toxic contaminants and nitrogen to the Great Lakes. Report to USEPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle, USA

  • Bamford HA, Ko FC, Baker JE (2002) Seasonal and annual air-water exchange of polychlorinated biphenyls across Baltimore harbor and the Northern Chesapeake Bay. Environ Sci Technol 36:4245–4252

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baylar A, Bagatur T (2001) Aeration performance of weirs: Part 2. Water Eng Manage (April) 148:14–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Bidleman TF, McConnell LL (1995) A review of field experiments to determine air-water gas-exchange of persistent organic pollutants. Sci Total Environ 159:101–117

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cindoruk SS, Tasdemir Y (2007) Deposition of atmospheric particulate PCBs in suburban site of Turkey. Atmosph Res 85:300–309

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cotham WE, Bidleman TF (1995) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in air at an urban and a rural site near Lake Michigan. Environ Sci Technol 29:2782–2789

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenreich SJ, Hollod GJ, Johnson TC (1981) In: Eisenreich SJ (ed) Atmospheric Pollutants in Natural Waters. Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, Michigan

    Google Scholar 

  • Esen F, Tasdemir Y, Cindoruk SS (2005) Evaluation of NOx and O3 concentrations in the atmosphere of Bursa, Turkey. Environ Forensics 6:311–317

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Esen F, Cindoruk SS, Tasdemir Y (2006) Ambient concentrations and gas/particle partitioning of PAHs in an Urban Site in Turkey. Environ Forensics 7:303–312

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falconer RL, Bidleman TF, Cotham WE (1995) Preferential sorption of non-ortho polychlorinated and mono-ortho-polychlorinated biphenyls to urban aerosols. Environ Sci Technol 29:1666–1673

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finlayson-Pitts BJ, Pitts JN (1986) Atmospheric chemistry: fundamentals and experimental techniques. John Wiley & Sons, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Franz TP, Eisenreich SJ (1993) Wet deposition of PCBs to Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Chemosphere 26:1767–1788

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franz T, Eisenreich SJ, Holsen TM (1998) Dry deposition of particulate polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to Lake Michigan. Environ Sci Technol 32:3681–3688

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galarneau E, Bidleman TF, Blanchard P (2006) Seasonality and interspecies differences in particle/gas partitioning of PAHs observed by the Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN). Atmosph Environ 40:182–197

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gevao B, Hamilton-Taylor J, Jones KC (1998) Polychlorinated biphenyl and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon deposition to and exchange at the air-water interface of Esthwaite Water, a small lake in Cumbria, UK. Environ Pollution 102:63–75

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gustafson KE, Dickhut RM (1997) Gaseous exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons across the air-water interface of southern Chesapeake Bay. Environ Sci Technol 31:1623–1629

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrad S, Hassoun S, Romero MSC, Harrison RM (2003) Characterisation and source attribution of the semi-volatile organic content of atmospheric particles and associated vapour phase in Birmingham, UK. Atmosph Environ 37:4985–4991

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hornbuckle KC, Achman DR, Eisenreich SJ (1993) Over-water and over land polychlorinated biphenyls in Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Environ Sci Technol 27:87–98

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hornbuckle KC, Sweet CW, Pearson RF, Swackhamer DL, Eisenreich SJ (1995) Assessing annual water-air fluxes of polychlorinated biphenyls in Lake Michigan. Environ Sci Technol 29:869–877

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu YK, Holsen TM, Hopke PK (2003) Locating and quantifying PCB sources in Chicago: Receptor modeling and field sampling. Environ Sci Technol 37:681–690

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang H-M, Foster GD (2006) Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban stormwater runoff flowing into the tidal Anacostia River, Washington, DC, USA. Environ Pollution 140:416–426

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeremiason JD, Hornbuckle KC, Eisenreich SJ (1994) PCBs in Lake Superior, 1978 1992: Decreases in water concentrations reflect loss by volatilization. Environ Sci Technol 20:903–914

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mackay D, Shiu WY, Ma KC (1992) Illustrated handbook of physical-chemical properties and environmental fate for organic chemicals. Volume 1. Monoaromatic hydrocarbons, chlorobenzenes and PCBs. Lewis Publishers, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • McCready DI (1986) Wind-tunnel modeling of small particle deposition. Aerosol Sci Tech 5:301–312

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McVeety BD, Hites RA (1988) Atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic-hydrocarbons to water surfaces: A mass balance approach. Atmos Environ 22:511–536

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy TJ (1995) Comment on ‘Seasonal variations in air-water exchange of polychlorinated biphenyls in Lake Superior’. Environ Sci Technol 29:846–847

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Odabasi M, Sofuoglu A, Vardar N, Tasdemir Y, Holsen TM (1999) Measurement of dry deposition and air-water exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with the water surface sampler. Environ Sci Technol 33:426–434

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park JS, Wade LT, Sweet S (2001) Atmospheric distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and deposition to Galveston Bay, Texas, USA. Atmospheric Environ 35:3241–3249

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park J-S, Wade TL, Sweet ST (2002) Atmospheric deposition of PAHs, PCBs, and organochlorine pesticides to Corpus Christi Bay, Texas. Atmos Environ 36:1707–1720

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perlinger J, Tobias D, Morrow P, Doskey PV (2005) Evaluation of novel techniques for measurement of air-water exchange of persistent bioaccumulative toxicants in Lake Superior. Environ Sci Technol 39:8411–8419

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pirrone N, Keeler GJ, Holsen TM (1995) Dry deposition of semivolatile organic compounds to Lake Michigan. Environ Sci Technol 29:2123–2132

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poor N, Tremblay R, Kay H, Bhethanabotla V, Swartz E, Luther M, Campbell S (2004) Atmospheric concentrations and dry deposition rates of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for Tampa Bay, Florida, USA. Atmosph Environ 38:6005–6015

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robson M, Harrad S (2004) Chiral PCB signatures in air and soil: Implications for atmospheric source apportionment. Environ Sci Technol 38:1662–1666

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarzenbach RP, Gschwend PM, Imboden DM (1993) Environmental organic chemistry. Wiley Interscience, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Simcik MF, Franz TP, Zhang H, Eisenreich SJ (1998) Gas-particle partitioning of PCBs and PAHs in the Chicago urban and adjacent coastal atmosphere: States of equilibrium. Environ Sci Technol 32:251–257

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soderstrom H, Hajslova J, Kocourek V, Siegmund B, Kocan A, Obiedzinski W, Tysklind M, Bergqvist PA (2005) PAHs and nitrated PAHs in air of five European countries determined using SPMDs as passive samplers. Atmosph Environ 39:1627–1640

    Google Scholar 

  • Tao S, Jiao XC, Chen SH, Liu WX, Coveney RM Jr, Zhu LZ, Luo YM (2006) Accumulation and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rice (Oryza sativa). Environ Pollution 140:406–415

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tasdemir Y, Kural C (2005) Atmospheric dry deposition fluxes of trace elements measured in Bursa, Turkey. Environ Poll 138:463–473

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tasdemir Y, Holsen TM (2005) Measurement of particle phase dry deposition fluxes of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) with a water surface sampler. Atmos Environ 39:1845–1854

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tasdemir Y, Odabasi M, Holsen TM (2005) Measurement of the vapor phase deposition of polychlorinated bipheyls (PCBs) using a water surface sampler. Atmos Environ 39:885–897

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tasdemir Y, Holsen TM (2006) Gas phase deposition of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to a water surface sampler. J Environ Sci Health Part A 41:2071–2087

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tasdemir Y, Kural C, Cindoruk SS, Vardar N (2006) Assessment of trace element concentrations and their estimated dry deposition fluxes in an urban atmosphere atmospheric Res 81:17–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Tasdemir Y, Esen F (2007a) Dry deposition fluxes and deposition velocities of PAHs at an urban site in Turkey. Atmosph Environ 41:1288–1301

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tasdemir Y, Esen F (2007b) Urban air PAHs: Concentrations, temporal changes and gas/particle partitionings in a trafficked site in Turkey. Atmosph Res 84:1–12

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tasdemir Y, Odabasi M, Holsen TM (2007) PCB mass transfer coefficients determined by application of a water surface sampler. Chemosphere 66:1554–1560

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thibodeaux LJ (1979) Chemodynamics: Environmental movement of chemicals in air, water, and soil. John Wiley and Sons, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Totten LA, Brunciak PA, Gigliotti CL, Dach J, Glenn TR, Nelson ED, Eisenreich SJ (2001) Dynamic air–water exchange of polychlorinated biphenyls in New York–New Jersey harbor estuary. Environ Sci Technol 35:3834–3840

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vardar N, Odabasi O, Holsen TM (2002) Particulate dry deposition and overall deposition velocities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ASCE J Environ Engineer 128:269–274

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vardar N, Tasdemir Y, Odabasi M, Noll KE (2004) Characterization of atmospheric concentrations and partitioning of PAHs in the Chicago atmosphere. Sci Total Environ 327:163–174

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang HB, Luo YM, Wong MH, Zhao QG, Zhang GL (2006) Distributions and concentrations of PAHs in Hong Kong soils. Environ Pollution 141:107–114

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

The financial support is partly provided by the research funds of the University of Uludag (Project number: 2002-91) and the Scientific and Technologic Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) (Project number: 102I030, ICTAG-C044). We would like to thank Dr. Nedim Vardar and S. Siddik Cindoruk for their valuable contributions throughout the study. We want to extend our thanks to the Air Group (especially to Dr. Mustafa Odabasi) at the Dokuz Eylül University, Turkey for the GC-MS readings. We also want to thank Butal (Tubitak) management for letting us sample at their garden.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Uludag University, 16059, Gorukle/Bursa, Turkey

    Yücel Tasdemir & Fatma Esen

Authors
  1. Yücel Tasdemir
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Fatma Esen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yücel Tasdemir.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Tasdemir, Y., Esen, F. Deposition of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Their Mass Transfer Coefficients Determined at a Trafficked Site. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 55, 191–198 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-007-9096-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-007-9096-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation