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Occurrence and Ordination of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and Hexachlorocyclohexane in Agricultural Soils from Guangzhou, China

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Abstract

On a global scale tropical regions in developing countries are thought to be significant source areas of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), owing to a long history of widespread use and only a recent production ban or restriction on the application of these pesticides. In the present study, 32 soil samples were collected in 2004 from agriculture lands around the urban area of Guangzhou, in southern China, and analyzed for residues of OCPs including p,p’-DDT, p,p’-DDE, p,p’-DDD, and α-, β-, γ-, and δ-HCH. The dry weight concentrations of ΣHCH (ΣHCH = α-HCH + β-HCH + γ-HCH + δ-HCH) ranged from 0.2 to 103.9 ng/g, with a median of 4.4 ng/g. Residues of ΣDDT (ΣDDT = p,p’-DDT + p,p’-DDE + p,p’-DDD) ranged from 7.6 to 662.9 ng/g, with a median of 67.3 ng/g. The predominance of β-HCH among HCHs in most soil samples suggested that they were from historical contamination rather than recent input. The mean HCH α/γ-ratio of 2.72 was lower than that of technical HCHs, possibly due to more loss of α-HCH via evaporation from soil with time, conversion of γ-HCH to α-HCH or recent application of lindane in the region. The mean ratio of (DDE + DDD)/ΣDDT was 0.54, indicating that quite a portion of DDT in soils was degraded since its official ban in 1983. Higher DDT concentrations with lower (DDE + DDD)/ΣDDT ratios at a few sites suggested possible local DDT sources via the application of Dicofol. A positive but weak correlation (r = 0.449, p < 0.01) between DDT residues and TOC contents implied that soil organic matter might enhance adsorption of DDT in soils in the tropical regions. Hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis were also performed to study the distribution and compositional patterns of OCPs as well as their sources and environemtal fates within the study area.

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Project No. 2002CB410803), Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (Project No. 020615), and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Project No. KZCX3-SW-121). The efforts of two reviewers greatly improved the quality of the manuscript and are sincerely appreciated.

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  1. State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1131, Wushan, Guangzhou, 510640, China

    Fan Gao, Jianye Jia & Xinming Wang

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  1. Fan Gao
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Correspondence to Xinming Wang.

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Gao, F., Jia, J. & Wang, X. Occurrence and Ordination of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and Hexachlorocyclohexane in Agricultural Soils from Guangzhou, China. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 54, 155–166 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-007-9023-3

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