Skip to main content

Mycotoxins in Poultry Feed in Kuwait

Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology volume 50, pages 594–602 (2006)Cite this article

Abstract

A survey was conducted at a poultry feed production unit in Kuwait for mycotoxin contamination in the samples of yellow maize, soybean meal, wheat bran used as raw material and the poultry feed prepared for broiler starter, broiler finisher, and layer mash. Individual aflatoxins were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography after immunoaffinity column purification. Repeated analysis revealed average aflatoxin concentration in maize at 0.27 ppb (range 0 to 1.69 ppb), soybean meal at 0.20 ppb (range 0 to 1.27 ppb), wheat bran at 0.15 ppb (range 0 to 1.07 ppb), prepared poultry feed for broiler starter at 0.48 ppb (range 0 to 3.26 ppb), broiler finisher at 0.39 ppb (range 0 to 1.05 ppb), and layer mash at 0.21 ppb (range 0 to 1.30 ppb). Other mycotoxins (ochratoxin, fumonisin, deoxynivalenol (DON), and zearalenone), were detected by quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The average levels of ochratoxin A ranged from 4.6 to 9.6 ppb, fumonisin from 1.4 to 3.2 ppm, DON from 0.17 to 0.29 ppm, and zearalenone from 46.4 to 67.6 ppb in various commodities and prepared feed samples. The study revealed the coexistence of determined mycotoxins, although their concentrations in general were found to be lower than the permissible levels, wherever defined, for the poultry feed.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

43,34 €

Price includes VAT (Finland)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

References

  • Abdelhamid AM (1990) Occurrence of some mycotoxins (aflatoxin, ochratoxin A, citrinin, zearalenone and vomitoxin) in various Egyptian feeds. Arch Tierernahr 40:647–664

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ali N, Sardjono, Yamashita A, Yoshizawa T (1998) Natural co-occurrence of aflatoxins and Fusarium mycotoxins (fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and zearalenone) in corn from Indonesia. Food Add Contam 15:377–384

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Julaifi MZ, Al-Falih AM (2001) Detection of trichothecenes in feeds and foodstuffs during the years 1997 to 2000 in Saudi Arabia. J Food Protect 64:1603–1606

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Association of Official Analytical Chemists International (2000) Official methods of analysis, 17th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists International, Arlington, VA

    Google Scholar 

  • Beg MU, Al-Mutairi M, Al-Mazeedi H, Saeed T, Beg KR (2003) Assessment of aflatoxins in animal feed in Kuwait. KISR Report No. 6764. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait

  • Bhat RV, Vasanthi S, Rao BS, Rao RN, Rao VS, Nagaraja KV, et al. (1997) Aflatoxin B1 contamination in maize samples collected from different geographical regions of India—A multicentre study. Food Add Contam 14:151–156

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D’Mello JFP, Postel D, Dijksma WTP, Dujardin A, Plancinta CM (1998) Pesticide use and mycotoxin production in Fusarium and Aspergillus phytopathogens. Eur J Plant Pathol 104:741–751

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D’Mello JFP, Porter JK, Macdonald MC, Placinta CM (1997) Fusarium mycotoxins. In: D’Mello JFP (ed) Handbook of plant and fungal toxicants. CRC, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 287

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalcero A, Magnoli C, Hallak C, Chiacchiera SM, Palacio G, Rosa CA (2002) Detection of ochratoxin A in animal feeds and capacity to produce this mycotoxin by Aspergillus section Nigri in Argentina. Food Add Contam 19:1065–1072

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Danicke S, Ueberschar KH, Halle I, Matthes S, Valenta H, Flachowsky G (2002) Effect of addition of a detoxifying agent to laying hen diets containing uncontaminated or Fusarium toxin contaminated maize on performance of hens and carryover of zearalenone. Poultry Sci 81:1671–1680

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dawlatana M, Coker RD, Nagler MJ, Wild CP, Hassan MS, Blunden G (2002) The occurrence of mycotoxins in key commodities in Bangladesh: Surveillance results from 1993 to 1995. J Natural Toxins 11:379–386

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ECC (2002) Comments on the draft maximum level for ochratoxin A in wheat, barley and rye and derived products submitted in response to CL2001/34-FAC (CX/FAC 02/18). European Commission, Brussels, Belgium

  • Fazekas B, Tar AK, Zomborszky-Kovacs M (2002) Ochratoxin: A contamination of cereal grains and coffee in Hungary in the year 2001. Acta Vet Hung 50:177–188

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fink-Gremmels J (1999) Mycotoxins: Their implications for human and animal health. Vet Qual 21:115–120

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gajecki M (2002) Zearalenone — undesirable substances in feed. Pol J Vet Sci 5:117–122

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hennigen MR, Dick T (1995) Incidence and abundance of mycotoxins in maize in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Food Add Contam 12:677–681

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hochsteiner W, Schuh M (2001) Occurrence of the fusariotoxins deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in Austrian feedstuff in the period from 1995 to 1999 [in German]. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 108:19–23

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horwitz W (1993) International coordination and validation of analytical methods. Food Add Contam 10:61–69

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jelinek CF, Pohland AE, Wood GE (1989) Worldwide occurrence of mycotoxins in foods and feeds—An update. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 72:223–230

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jindal N, Mahipal SK, Rottinghaus GE (1999) Occurrence of fumonisin B1 in maize and poultry feeds in Haryana, India. Mycopathologia 148:37–40

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Juan-Lopez M, Carvajal M, Ituarte B (1995) Supervising programme of aflatoxins in Mexican corn. Food Add Contam 12:297–312

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Juszkiewicz T, Piskorska-Pliszczynska J (1992) Occurrence of mycotoxins in animal feeds. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 11:211–215

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahmoud AL (1993) Toxigenic fungi and mycotoxin content in poultry feedstuff ingredients. J Basic Microbiol 33:101–104

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martins ML, Martins HM (1999) Natural and in vitro coproduction of cyclopiazonic acid and aflatoxins. J Food Prot 62:292–294

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitterbauer R, Weindorfer H, Safaie N, Krska R, Lemmens M, Ruckenbauer P, et al. (2003) A sensitive and inexpensive yeast bioassay for the mycotoxin zearalenone and other compounds with estrogenic activity. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:805–811

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muller HM, Reimann J, Schumacher U, Schwadorf K (1998) Natural occurrence of Fusarium toxins in oats harvested during five years in an area of southwest Germany. Food Add Contam 15:801–806

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Natour RM, Al-Awadi A, Illian M, Salman AJ (1985) Aflatoxin and aflatoxigenic fungi in poultry feed in Kuwait AG-28. Dirasat Med Biol Sci 12:43–52

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nizamlyoglu F, Oguz H (2003) Occurrence of aflatoxins in layer feed and corn samples in Konya province, Turkey. Food Addit Contam 20:654–658

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panalaks T, Scott PM (1977) Sensitive silica gel packed flow cell for fluorimetric detection of aflatoxin by high performance liquid chromatography. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 60:583–589

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pande N, Saxena J, Pandey H (1990) Natural occurrence of mycotoxins in some cereals. Mycoses 33:126–128

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park DL, Troxell TC (2002) U.S. perspective on mycotoxin regulatory issues. Adv Exp Med Biol 504:277–285

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pettersson H, Kiessling KH (1992) Mycotoxins in Swedish grains and mixed feeds. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 11:41–43

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pieters MN, Freijer J, Baars BJ, Fiolet DC, van Klaveren J, Slob W (2002) Risk assessment of deoxynivalenol in food: Concentration limits, exposure and effects. Adv Exp Med Biol 504:235–248

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pineiro M, Dawson R, Costarrica ML (1996) Monitoring program for mycotoxin contamination in Uruguayan food and feeds. Nat Toxins 4:242–245

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rustom IYS (1997) Aflatoxin in food and feed: Occurrence, legislation and inactivation by physical methods. Food Chem 59:57–67

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salman AJ, Husseini MD, Diab MF, Illian M, Al-Awadi A, Naser A (1982) Variables affecting poultry production in Kuwait. KISR Report No. 470, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait

    Google Scholar 

  • Scudamore KA, Hetmanski MT, Nawaz S, Naylor J, Rainbird S (1997b) Determination of mycotoxins in pet foods sold for domestic pets and wild birds using linked-column immunoassay clean-up and HPLC. Food Add Contam 14:175–186

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scudamore KA, Hetmanski MT, Chan HK, Collins S (1997a) Occurrence of mycotoxins in raw ingredients used for animal feeding stuffs in the United Kingdom in 1992. Food Add Contam 14:157–173

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scudamore KA, Patel S (2000) Survey for aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, zearalenone and fumonisins in maize imported into the United Kingdom. Food Add Contam 17:407–416

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shephard GS, Marasas WF, Yazdanpanah H, Rahimian H, Safavi N, Zarghi A, et al. (2002) Fumonisin B(1) in maize harvested in Iran during 1999. Food Add Contam 19:676–679

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siame BA, Mpuchane SF, Gashe BA, Allotey J, Teffera G (1998) Occurrence of aflatoxins, fumonisin B1 and zearalenone in foods and feeds in Botswana. J Food Prot 61:1670–1673

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava VP, Bu-Abbas A, Alaa-Basuny, Al-Johar W, Al-Mufti S, Siddiqui MKJ (2001) Aflatoxin M1 contamination in commercial samples of milk and dairy products in Kuwait. Food Add Contam 18:993–997

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thirumala-Devi K, Mayo MA, Reddy G, Reddy DV (2002) Occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in Indian poultry feeds. J Food Prot 65:1338–1340

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tseng TC, Liu CY (2001) Occurrence of fumonisin B1 in maize imported into Taiwan. Int J Food Microbiol 65:23–26

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Veldman A, Borggreve GJ, Mulders EJ, van de Lagemaat D (1992) Occurrence of the mycotoxins ochratoxin A, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol in feed components. Food Add Contam 9:647–655

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vicam (1999) Aflatest instruction manual. Vicam, Watertown, MA, p. 96

    Google Scholar 

  • Viachou S, Zoiopoulos PE, Drosinos EH (2004) Assessment of some hygiene parameters of animal feeds in Greece. Anim Feed Sci Technol 117:331–337

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the Dr. Abdul Hadi Al-Otaibi, DG KISR, for his interest in the study; Dr. Ali Abdullah Al-Shamlan, DG KFAS; and Sheikh Ahmad Yousuf Al-Sabah, DG KUPCO, for financial assistance. The authors also express their sincere thanks to the staff of the feed unit for providing all facilities for conducting the survey and helping in the collection of samples for analysis.

Author information

Affiliations

  1. Environmental Sciences Department, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P. O. Box 24885, Safat-13109, Kuwait

    M. U. Beg, M. Al-Mutairi, K. R. Beg, H. M. Al-Mazeedi, L. N. Ali & T. Saeed

Authors
  1. M. U. Beg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. Al-Mutairi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. K. R. Beg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. H. M. Al-Mazeedi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. L. N. Ali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. T. Saeed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. U. Beg.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Beg, M.U., Al-Mutairi, M., Beg, K.R. et al. Mycotoxins in Poultry Feed in Kuwait. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 50, 594–602 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-005-2094-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-005-2094-0

Keywords

  • Aflatoxin
  • Soybean Meal
  • Wheat Bran
  • Kuwait
  • Zearalenone