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Sediment TCDD-EQs and EROD and MROD Activities in Ranid Frogs from Agricultural and Nonagricultural Sites in Michigan (USA)

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Abstract

In vitro studies have demonstrated atrazine-mediated induction of 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity. EROD is an enzyme active in the metabolism of many compounds, including many xenobiotics. These studies have suggested that atrazine may affect reproductive function by altering steroid metabolism. The goal of this study was to determine whether relationships could be detected between measured atrazine concentrations in surface waters and the liver-somatic index (LSI) and EROD and 7-methoxyresorufin O-deethylase (MROD) activities in the livers of ranid frogs. In addition, sediment dioxin toxic equivalents (TCDD-EQs) were determined using the H4IIE-luc cell bioassay. Adult and juvenile green frogs (Rana clamitans), bullfrogs (R. catesbeiana), and Northern leopard frogs (R. pipiens) were collected from areas with extensive corn cultivation and areas where there was little agricultural activity in south central Michigan in the summer of 2003. Atrazine concentrations at nonagricultural sites ranged from less than the limit of quantification (0.17 μg atrazine/L) to 0.23 μg atrazine/L and did not exceed 1.2 μg atrazine/L at agricultural sites. Sediment TCDD-EQs were measurable only at one agricultural site. Of the measured parameters, only LSI values in adult male frogs differed significantly between agricultural and nonagricultural sites, with greater values observed at agricultural sites. In green frogs, EROD and MROD activities were measurable in both adult and juvenile frogs and were similar among sites. Median EROD activities ranged from 13 to 21 pmol/min/mg protein in adult male green frogs and from 5 to 13 pmol/min/mg protein in adult female green frogs. Juvenile frogs had greater EROD and MROD activities than adult frogs. Bullfrogs and leopard frogs had greater activities than did green frogs. Atrazine concentrations were significantly and negatively correlated with MROD activity in adult male green frogs (Spearman R = −0.800). LSI and EROD and MROD activities of adult female or juvenile green frogs were not significantly correlated with atrazine concentrations. These results suggest that atrazine does not appear to have a consistent association with EROD or MROD activities in wild-caught green frogs.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the landowners and farmers whose cooperation made this research possible. Invaluable technical assistance was provided by Eric Higley, Sandy Mazzoni, Chris Kloss, Erika Hussar, Pamela Gabris, and Michelle Martinchek. Larry Holden provided statistical support. This research was conducted under the supervision of the Atrazine Endocrine Ecologic Risk Assessment Panel, Ecorisk, Inc, Ferndale, WA, with a grant from Syngenta Crop Protection, Inc. Additional funding for this study was provided by National Institutes of Health and Environmental Health Sciences Training Grant No. T32ES07255.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, People’s Republic of China

    M. B. Murphy & J. P. Giesy

  2. Department of Zoology, National Food Safety and Toxicology Center and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA

    M. B. Murphy, M. Hecker, A. R. Tompsett, P. D. Jones, H. L. Wong & J. P. Giesy

  3. Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Warner Southern College, Lake Wales, FL, 33859, USA

    K. K. Coady

  4. ENTRIX, Inc., 4295 Okemos Rd., Suite 101, Okemos, East Lansing, MI, 48864, USA

    J. L. Newsted

  5. School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa

    L. H. du Preez

  6. Centre for Toxicology and Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada

    K. R. Solomon

  7. Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA

    J. A. Carr

  8. The Institute of Environmental and Human Health and Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA

    E. E. Smith & R. J. Kendall

  9. Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada

    G. Van Der Kraak

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  1. M. B. Murphy
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  2. M. Hecker
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  8. L. H. du Preez
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  9. K. R. Solomon
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  14. J. P. Giesy
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Murphy, M.B., Hecker, M., Coady, K.K. et al. Sediment TCDD-EQs and EROD and MROD Activities in Ranid Frogs from Agricultural and Nonagricultural Sites in Michigan (USA). Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 51, 467–477 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-005-0183-8

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