Biosensors of Inorganic Lead Exposure and Effect in an Adult Amphibian

Abstract

Lead (Pb) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant, widely distributed, representing a high toxicological and ecotoxicological risk. Several morphological, functional, and biochemical parameters have been proposed as biomarkers of effect and exposure to Pb. The information related to adverse effects of Pb is not abundant for adult amphibians. These animals are of interest, because during their development they move from aquatic to terrestrial habitats, which may be polluted by the metal since they are receptors of products generated by anthropogenic activities. Previous studies carried out on the adult South American toad Bufo arenarum (Amphibia, Anura) showed that it has a high tolerance to lead and studied the effect of sublethal doses of the metal on the erythrocyte osmotic fragility and δ-ALAD activity. It was also shown that after a single injection of Pb, a significant increase in the number of reticulocytes was produced, suggesting the suitability of those cell counts as a biomarker of exposure to the metal; its impact on the immune system of the toads was also studied. In this work we extend our early studies on the same species evaluating the chronic effect of sublethal Pb (equivalent to 5.6% of the 120-h LD-50) on free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) and blood Pb and δ-ALAD activity; blood lead was positively associated with a significant decrease in the enzyme activity and to an increase in the FEP level. Pb concentration in target organs (liver, spleen, femur, and kidney) and the total cumulated amount as well as its impact over the mass of those organs were also determined. In addition, the magnitude of the possible depuration through urine and intestine was evaluated. Our results showed that FEP, δ-ALAD, and blood Pb are reliable biosensors of chronic metal intoxication, the former being the marker with the highest sensitivity.