Water Characterization and Seasonal Heavy Metal Distribution in the Odiel River (Huelva, Spain) by Means of Principal Component Analysis

Abstract

The Iberian Pyrite Belt is the largest mass of sulfide and manganese ores in Western Europe. Its sulfide oxidation is the origin of a heavily acidic drainage that affects the Odiel River in southwestern Huelva (Spain). To assess physicochemical, contamination parameters, heavy metal distribution and its seasonal variation in the upper Odiel River and in El Lomero mines, three water samplings were undertaken and analyzed between July 1998 and November 1999. Water from the Odiel River in the polluted zone showed low pH values (2.76–3.51), high heavy metal content, and high values of conductivity (1410–3648 μS/cm) and dissolved solids (1484–5602 mg/L). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that variables related with the products of the pyrite oxidation and the salts that are solubilized by the high acidity generated in the oxidation of sulfides, grouped in the first component, accounted for 40.88% of total variance, and were the main influential factor in physicochemical water sample properties. The second influential factor was minority metals (nickel, cobalt, cadmium). Heavy metals showed three different seasonal patterns, closely related with saline efflorescences formed next to the river bed: majority metals (iron, copper, manganese, zinc); minority metals (lead, nickel, cobalt, cadmium); and chromium, which had a distinctive behavior.