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Stone recurrence among childhood kidney stone formers: results of a nationwide study in Iceland

Urolithiasis volume 48, pages 409–417 (2020)Cite this article

Abstract

Objectives

To examine the stone recurrence rate among childhood kidney stone formers in the Icelandic population.

Materials and methods

We retrospectively examined kidney stone recurrence in a recently reported population-based sample of 190 individuals who experienced their first stone before 18 years of age in the period 1985–2013. Of these 190 individuals, 112 (59%) were females and the median (range) age at the incident stone diagnosis was 15.0 (0.2–17.9) years. Stone recurrence was defined as an acute symptomatic episode with imaging confirmation or self-reported stone passage, new stone detected by imaging in asymptomatic patients, and suspected clinical stone episode without verification. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to assess stone-free survival and the Chi-square, Fisher’s exact, Wilcoxon rank-sum and the log-rank tests to compare groups.

Results

A total of 68 (35%) individuals experienced a second stone event, 1.7 (0.9–18.9) years after the initial diagnosis. The recurrence rate was 26%, 35%, 41% and 46% after 5, 10, 15 and 20 years of follow-up, respectively. The 5-year recurrence rate increased with time and was 9%, 24% and 37% in the periods 1985–1994, 1995–2004 and 2005–2013, respectively (P = 0.005). No difference in stone recurrence was observed between the sexes (P = 0.23).

Conclusions

In our population-based sample of childhood kidney stone formers, the stone recurrence rate is similar to that reported for adults. The observed rise in stone recurrence with time may be related to closer patient follow-up in recent years or increased stone risk in general.

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Acknowledgements

Preliminary results of this study were presented at the Annual Meeting of The American Society of Nephrology in San Diego, CA, USA, in November 2015.

Funding

The study was supported by Landspitali University Hospital Research Fund.

Author information

Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland

    Solborg E. Ingvarsdottir, Runolfur Palsson & Vidar O. Edvardsson

  2. Children’s Medical Center, Landspitali–The National University Hospital of Iceland, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland

    Solborg E. Ingvarsdottir & Vidar O. Edvardsson

  3. Division of Nephrology, Internal Medicine Services, Landspitali–The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland

    Olafur S. Indridason & Runolfur Palsson

Authors
  1. Solborg E. Ingvarsdottir
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  2. Olafur S. Indridason
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  3. Runolfur Palsson
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  4. Vidar O. Edvardsson
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vidar O. Edvardsson.

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None of the authors declared financial or other conflicting interests. No honorarium, grant, or any other form of payment was given to anyone to produce the manuscript. The study sponsor had no role in study design; the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; the writing of the report and the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

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Ingvarsdottir, S.E., Indridason, O.S., Palsson, R. et al. Stone recurrence among childhood kidney stone formers: results of a nationwide study in Iceland. Urolithiasis 48, 409–417 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00240-020-01179-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00240-020-01179-6

Keywords

  • Nephrolithiasis
  • Urolithiasis
  • Epidemiology
  • Metabolic risk factors