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A simple method for fabricating artificial kidney stones of different physical properties

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Abstract

A simple method for preparing artificial kidney stones with varying physical properties is described. BegoStone was prepared with a powder-to-water ratio ranging from 15:3 to 15:6. The acoustic properties of the phantoms were characterized using an ultrasound transmission technique, from which the corresponding mechanical properties were calculated based on elastic wave theory. The measured parameters for BegoStone phantoms of different water contents are: longitudinal wave speed (3,148–4,159 m/s), transverse wave speed (1,813–2,319 m/s), density (1,563–1,995 kg/m3), longitudinal acoustic impedance (4.92–8.30 kg/m2 s), transverse acoustic impedance (2.83–4.63 kg/m2 s), Young’s modulus (12.9–27.4 GPa), bulk modulus (8.6–20.2 GPa), and shear modulus (5.1–10.7 GPa), which cover the range of corresponding properties reported in natural kidney stones. In addition, diametral compression tests were carried out to determine tensile failure strength of the stone phantoms. BegoStone phantoms with varying water content at preparation have tensile failure strength from 6.9 to 16.3 MPa when tested dry and 3.2 to 7.1 MPa when tested in water-soaked condition. Overall, it is demonstrated that this new BegoStone preparation method can be used to fabricate artificial stones with physical properties matched with those of natural kidney stones of various chemical compositions.

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Abbreviations

COM:

Calcium oxalate monohydrate

MAPH:

Magnesium ammonium phosphate hydrogen

C L :

Longitudinal wave speed

C T :

Transverse wave speed

ρ :

Density

ν :

Poisson’s ratio

E :

Young’s modulus

K :

Bulk modulus

G :

Shear modulus

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by the NIH through grant RO1 DK052985 (PZ) and a Pratt Engineering Undergraduate Fellowship (EE) at Duke University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, 100 Science Drive, Durham, NC, 27708, USA

    Eric Esch, Walter Neal Simmons, Georgy Sankin, Hadley F. Cocks & Pei Zhong

  2. Department of Surgery-Urology, Duke University Medical Center, 3167 Trent Drive, Durham, NC, 27710, USA

    Glenn M. Preminger & Pei Zhong

Authors
  1. Eric Esch
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  2. Walter Neal Simmons
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  3. Georgy Sankin
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  4. Hadley F. Cocks
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  5. Glenn M. Preminger
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  6. Pei Zhong
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pei Zhong.

Additional information

Proceedings of the 3rd International Urolithiasis Research Symposium held in Indianapolis, IN, USA, December 3–4, 2009.

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Esch, E., Simmons, W.N., Sankin, G. et al. A simple method for fabricating artificial kidney stones of different physical properties. Urol Res 38, 315–319 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00240-010-0298-x

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