Abstract
Background
This study aimed to analyze the effects of reduction mammaplasty on static balance and gait from women with breast hypertrophy grades III and IV.
Methods
Eleven women took part of this study. The pre-test was performed 15 days before surgery and post-tests 60 and 90 days after surgery. Body mass index (BMI), center of gravity (CG), and biomechanics gait (kinetic and kinematic) were analyzed.
Results
No significant difference in the BMI was found among the assessments. There were large effects on the kinetic variables and in support and balance phases over the gait after the surgery. There were moderate effects on spatiotemporal variables. In addition, there was improvement in static balance in both front and sagittal planes.
Conclusions
Those changes affect positively women’s health, assisting in the adoption of a more appropriate and less aggressive posture to the muscle–skeletal system.
Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Tafuri LSA, Gobbi H (2005) Epithelial hyperplasia in specimens from bilateral reduction aesthetic mammaplasty and reduction mammaplasty contralateral to breast cancer. J Bras Patol Med Lab 41:135–141
Saariniemi K (2011) The effects of reduction mammaplasty [dissertation]. Department of Plastic Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland
Araújo CDM, Gomes HC, Veiga DF, Hochman B, Fernandes PM, Novo NF, Ferreira LM (2007) Influence of breast hypertrophy in the women’s functional capacity. Rev Bras Reumatol 47:91–96
Chao JD, Memmel HC, Redding JF, Egan L, Odom LC, Casas LA (2002) Reduction mammaplasty is a functional operation, improving quality of life symptomatic women: a prospective, single-center breast reduction outcome study. Plast Reconstr Surg 110:1644–1652
Fernandes PM, Neto MS, Veiga DF, Abla LEF, Mundim CDA, Juliano Y, Ferreira LM (2007) Back pain: an assessment in breast hypertrophy patients. Acta Ortop Bras 15:227–230
Fouquet B, Goupille P, Rouif M, Rouif V, Mateu J, Valat JP (1991) Breast hypertrophy and dorsolumbar spine. Prognostic influences of lumbar lordosis: preliminary results. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic 58:453–457
Blomqvist L, Eriksson A, Brandberg Y (2000) Reduction mammaplasty provides long-term improvement in health status and quality of life. Plast Reconstr Surg 106:991–997
Freire M, Neto MS, Garcia EB, Quaresma MR, Ferreira LM (2007) Functional capacity and postural pain outcomes after reduction mammaplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 119:1149–1156
Wood K, Cameron M, Fitzgerald K (2008) Breast size, bra fit and thoracic pain in young women: a correlational study. Chiropr Osteopat 16:1
Benditte-Klepetko H, Leisser V, Paternostro-Sluga T, Rakos M, Trattnig S, Helbich T, Schemper M, Deutinger M (2007) Hypertrophy of the breast: a problem of beauty or health? J Women’s Health 16:1062–1069
Birtchnell S, Whitfield P, Lacey JH (1990) Motivational factors in women requesting augmentation and reduction mammaplasty. J Psychosom Res 34:509–514
Borkenhagen A, Röhricht F, Preiss S, Schneider W, Brähler E (2007) Changes in body image and health-related quality of life following breast reduction surgery in German macromastia patients: a new tool for measuring body image changes. Ann Plast Surg 58:364–370
Cunha MS, Viana AA, Santos LL, Costa TV, Bandeira NG, Meneses JVL (2009) Effect of mammaplasty in quality of life of patients with macromastia. Rev Bras Cir Plást 24:43–46
Spector JA, Singh SP, Karp NS (2008) Outcomes after breast reduction: does size really matter? Ann Plast Surg 60:505–509
Perry J (1992) Gait analysis: normal and pathological function. SLACK Inc., Thorofare
Ribeiro E, Backer E (1973) Mastoplastia com pedìculo de seguridad. Rev Esp Cir Plast 16:223–234
Maliniac JW (1950) Breast deformities and their repair. J Am Med Assoc 144:282
Cohen J (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, 2nd edn. Erlbaum, Hillsdale
WHO (2000) Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 894:i–xii, 1-253
Adrian MJ, Cooper JM (1995) Biomechanics of human movement. McGraw-Hill, Boston
Estrázulas JÁ, Pires R, Santos DM, Stolt LROG, Melo SIL (2005) Características biomecânicas da marcha em crianças, adultos e idosos. Lec Edu Fís Deport 88:1–2
Almeida MMD (2005) Estudo biomecânico da marcha de crianças obesas e crianças não obesas [Dissertation]. Faculdade de Desporto, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
Hageman PA, Blanke DJ (1986) Comparison of gait of young women and elderly women. Phys Ther 66:1382–1387
Öberg T, Karsznia A, Öberg K (1993) Basic gait parameters: reference data for normal subjects, 10–79 years of age. J Rehabil Res Dev 30:210–223
Hills AP, Hennig EM, Byrne NM, Steele JR (2002) The biomechanics of adiposity—structural and functional limitations of obesity and implications for movement. Obes Rev 3:35–43
Colné P, Frelut DE, Péres G, Thoumie P (2008) Postural control in obese adolescents assessed by limits of stability and gait initiation. Gait Posture 28:29–34
Silva TCD (2009) Análise da marcha de mulheres obesas e sua relação com o índice de massa corporal [Dissertation]. Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasil
Melo MSI, Maia JN, Silva DAL, Carvalho CC (2011) Postural evaluation of patients subjected to modified radical mastectomy by means of computer photogrammetry. Braz J Oncol 57:39–48
Gomes J, Palma M, Sampaio O, Vasconcelos N, Barbosa TM (2011) In: Roseiro L, Augusta M (eds) Análise comparativa da postura ortostática entre mulheres fisicamente activas e sedentárias. Anais do 4º Congresso Nacional de Biomecânica, Coimbra, pp 717–719
Narciso FV, Santos SS, Ferreira F, Lemos VS, Baraúna MA, Cheik NC, Tavares RS (2010) Center of gravity height and number of falls in active and sedentary older adults. Braz J Kineantrop Perform 12:302–307
Tenna S, Brunetti B, Trivelli M, Salvinelli F, Persichetti P (2012) Postural variations after breast reduction: introduction of a new technique to achieve an objective analysis. Ann Plast Surg 68:261–264
Conflict of interest
None.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Goulart, R., Schütz, G.R., Detanico, D. et al. Effects of reduction mammaplasty on the static balance and biomechanics of gait. Eur J Plast Surg 36, 225–230 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00238-012-0771-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00238-012-0771-6