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Evaluation of the freezing point of offshore saline sand based on the extended UNIQUAC model

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Abstract

The freezing point of offshore saline sand is required to evaluate the formation of frozen walls during artificial freezing construction in coastal areas, which strongly depends on solute species and concentrations. In this study, 33 groundwater samples from Tianjin Binhai New Area were collected for salinity analysis, with Na+, Cl− and SO42− being the predominant ionic components. After salt leaching of the field collected sand, saturated samples with single solute (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, NaHCO3 and Na2SO4) and multiple solutes (original salt and CaCl2) were prepared. The freezing points of soil samples were determined by the cooling curve method, while the suction by the filter paper method. The results reveal that the freezing point depresses with greater salt content. The effect of cations on freezing point can be ranked as Mg2+ > Ca2+ > Na+ > K+ for certain Cl− concentrations, which is linked to ion hydration capacity. Soil suction is dominated by osmotic suction, with matric suction as a minor component. A cationic impact resembling the freezing point was also noted. The greater the osmotic suction, the lower the freezing point. Based on the extended UNIQUAC model, the freezing points of aqueous solutions with single and multiple solutes were calculated, and the discrepancies with test data for offshore saline sands were discussed from the perspectives of osmotic suction and colloidal double electrical layer. A model for the freezing point of offshore saline sand was developed by incorporating the osmotic coefficient and solute concentration, and its rationality was verified by test data.

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Funding

This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41972279 and 51778528), the Basic Research Program of Natural Science of Shaanxi Province (No. 2019JLM-56), and the Key Research and Development project of Shaanxi Province (No. 2022SF-197). These supports are greatly appreciated.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710048, China

    Weihang Ye, Songhe Wang, Yang Wang & Jiulong Ding

  2. School of Civil Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710055, China

    Hua Liu & Jian Xu

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  1. Weihang Ye
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Weihang Ye, Yang Wang and Jiulong Ding. Methodology and Funding acquisition were performed by Songhe Wang, Hua Liu and Jian Xu. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Weihang Ye and Songhe Wang and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Songhe Wang.

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Ye, W., Wang, S., Wang, Y. et al. Evaluation of the freezing point of offshore saline sand based on the extended UNIQUAC model. Heat Mass Transfer 59, 1139–1154 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-022-03327-7

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