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Optimization, equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamic study of congo red dye adsorption from aqueous solutions using iraqi porcelanite rocks

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Abstract

Iraqi Porcelanite rocks were chosen to remove Congo Red dye from aqueous solutions. The experimental variables of initial dye concentration 50–250 (mg/l), adsorbent dosage 0.2–1.0 (g/50 ml) and contact time 20–120 min were optimized using full factorial design (FFD) approach. This technique was invested to develop mathematical model and to study the interactive effects of adsorption parameters. The obtained results at optimum adsorption conditions reveal that maximum adsorption capacity has been attained at 29.1558 (mg/g) for 250 (mg/l) initial concentration. The adsorbent based rock type was characterized with FTIR instrument. The equilibrium results were well fitted with Langmuir isotherm followed by the Sips model. However, the kinetic results followed the pseudo-second-order model. The thermodynamic constants of Enthalpy, Entropy, and Gibbs free energy were calculated at 50 (mg/l) initial concentration and equilibrium conditions. The findings show that the adsorption nature of CR dye was spontaneous and chemisorption exothermic process. The statistical analysis depicts that the second-order model has optimally described the Congo red removal with high accuracy. The gained computations illustrated that the Iraqi Porcelanite rock can be successfully employed as a promising cheap material alternative to the commercial and activated adsorbent for the removal of anionic dyes from wastewater treatment plants.

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Abbreviations

CR:

Refer to congo red dye

Co and Ce :

Are the initial and equilibrium concentrations of the dye (mg/l), Respectively

qe :

Is the equilibrium adsorption capacity of dyes on adsorbent (mg/g)

V:

Is the volume of dye solution (l)

M:

Is the mass of adsorbent (g)

Qe :

Represents the target response for adsorption capacity (mg/g) in polynomial equation

X1, X2, X3 :

Represent time, dose and initial concentration main factors

X11, X22, X33 :

Represent the square of main factors for adsorption operation

b0 :

Free member

b1, B2, b3:

Represent regression coefficients for time, dose and initial concentration factors

b11, B22, b33:

Represent the squared coefficients of the main factors for adsorption operation.

b12, B13, b23, b123:

Represents the interactions among coefficients

Qm :

(Mg/g) is the amount of dye adsorbed at saturation in Langmuir correlation

KL :

(G/l) is Langmuir constant

Kf :

And n are Freundlich constants, Which provide an indication of both intensity and capacity of adsorption respectively

Qs :

(Mg/gm), Is the Sips maximum uptake of the adsorbate per unit mass of adsorbent

Ks :

(L/mg) is Sips constant related to energy of adsorption and n is the Sips parameter that characterizing the system heterogeneity

qt :

Is the amount of dye adsorbed (mg/g) at customized time (min)

k1 :

Is the rate constant of adsorption (min − 1)

k2 :

Is the adsorption rate constants of second order equation

kd :

Is the equilibrium coefficient

R:

Is the universal gas constant (8.314 J/mol K)

T:

Is the absolute temperature (K)

k:

Is the rate constant obtained from the kinetic data

A:

Is Arrhenius pre-exponential factor

Ea :

Is the activation energy

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful for the Department of Biochemical Engineering, Al-Khwarizmi College of Engineering/University of Baghdad for the permission to use all the laboratory facilities and the support materials needed in this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemical Engineering, Al-Khwarizmi College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadryah, Baghdad, Iraq

    Zyad R. Zair, Ziad T. Alismaeel & Mohammed Y. Eyssa

  2. Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadryah, Baghdad, Iraq

    Mohanad J. M-Ridha

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  1. Zyad R. Zair
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  2. Ziad T. Alismaeel
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Zair, Z.R., Alismaeel, Z.T., Eyssa, M.Y. et al. Optimization, equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamic study of congo red dye adsorption from aqueous solutions using iraqi porcelanite rocks. Heat Mass Transfer 58, 1393–1410 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-022-03182-6

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