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Hybrids carbon quantum dots as new nanofluids for heat transfer enhancement in wet cooling towers

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Abstract

Water-based Carbon Quantum Dot (CQD) suspension has great potential for different heat transfer applications as a novel coolant due to their unique colloidal stability, high thermal conductivity and low penalty for rheological properties once loading CQD. To this end, Fe3O4-CQD, and CuO-CQD nanocomposites were prepared by a simple hydrothermal procedure analyzed by TEM, XRD, FTIR and Zeta potential. Zeta potential revealed suitable stability of nanofluids. The results confirmed the successful fabrication of QDs with average particle size of 10–20 nm. The nanofluid samples were synthesized based on car radiator coolant and CQDs at the concentrations of 500, 1000, and 5000 ppm. Thermal conductivity (k) and convection heat transfer (h) coefficients were investigated as the main features of the fluid’s heat transfer characteristics. The presence of QDs enhance the viscosity and thermal conductivity of nanofluids considerably. The maximum thermal conductivity enhancement reaches up 25%, and 18% for the nanofluid containing 0.5% CuO -CQD, and Fe3O4-CQD at 45 °C in water as base fluids, respectively. In addition, the viscosity of each solution was measured, and the results show that it increases with increasing volume fractions of QDs nanoparticles and decreased with increasing of temperature. The results revealed that the the cooling tower effectiveness was found to be 25% higher for 0.5 wt% CuO-CQD nanofluid and water to air flow ration of 0.8556 than base fluid. On the other hand, with the use of Fe3O4-CQD nanofluid across all the concentrations, the effectiveness increased about 12%.The water consumption reduced about 7.5% and 16% for Fe3O4-CQD, and CuO-CQD under the same heat transfer capacity, respectively. These results can be used as a useful benchmark for finding and selecting appropriate combinations of cooling tower’s parameters and nanofluid types.

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Acknowledgements

This paper has been extracted from Ph.D thesis which was done in department of Chemical Engineering Mahshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahshahr, Iran.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Mahshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahshahr, Iran

    Hamid Mousavi, Seyed Mostafa Tabatabaee Ghomshe & Masoumeh Mirzaei

  2. Nanotechnology Research Center, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), West Blvd. Azadi Sports Complex, P.O. Box 14665, Tehran, 1998, Iran

    Alimorad Rashidi

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  1. Hamid Mousavi
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  2. Seyed Mostafa Tabatabaee Ghomshe
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  3. Alimorad Rashidi
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Correspondence to Seyed Mostafa Tabatabaee Ghomshe or Alimorad Rashidi.

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Mousavi, H., Ghomshe, S.M.T., Rashidi, A. et al. Hybrids carbon quantum dots as new nanofluids for heat transfer enhancement in wet cooling towers. Heat Mass Transfer 58, 309–320 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-021-03077-y

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