Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Citrullus colocynthis - an experimental investigation with enzymatic lipase based methyl esterified biodiesel

  • Original
  • Published:
Heat and Mass Transfer Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The intensification of energy claim and inadequate fossil fuel wealth instruct the way to renewable-based energy development that is to say vegetable oils, seed oils, plants oil and animal fats and etc. The experimental study investigated the significance of biodiesel replaced for diesel. The biodiesel is obtained by two intrinsic methods from Citrullus colocynthis, one with methyl ester and other with enzymatic lipase-based methyl ester transesterification process. The process involves Fe3O4+ thermomyces lanuginosus lipase as a catalyst for transesterification. The fuel extruded from these methods is tested with a single cylinder four stroke DI diesel engine to investigate the performance emission and combustion parameters. Initially, Novel immobilization-based lipase transesterification method was involved in the extrusion of oil from Citrullus colocynthis seed and a yield of 90% with a time frame of 0 to 73 h, the extrusion was also escalated with conventional transesterification. The investigation shows that the fuel undergoes good combustion and the performance parameters were improved which in turns reflects the reduction of emission. The brake thermal efficiency of lipase immobilized biodiesel (Blend-L) is 29.86% at full load condition which is fairly less than diesel (31.33%) followed by a value of 28.93% at full load condition for conventional transesterified biodiesel. When the fuels are combusted the heat release rate and peak pressure is quite less than diesel fuel for Blend-L. The emission parameters such as PM and NOx are comparatively high than diesel and the remaining emission showed significantly reduced values.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

DI:

Direct injection

BLEND-L:

Lipase catalyst trans esterified blend

BLEND T:

Conventional trans esterified blend

PM:

Particulate matter

NOx :

Oxides of nitrogen

I.C:

Internal combustion

FFA:

Free fatty acid

CI:

Compression ignition

KOH:

Potassium hydroxide

H2SO4 :

Sulfuric acid

CO:

Carbon monoxide

HC:

Hydrocarbon

BSFC:

Brake specific fuel consumption

BTE:

Brake Thermal Efficiency

B20:

20% biodiesel +80% diesel

B40:

40% biodiesel +60% diesel

ASTM:

American society for testing and materials

EN:

European committee for standardization

EGT:

Exhaust gas temperature

SFC:

Specific fuel consumption

UHC:

Unburned hydrocarbon

Mg:

Magnesium

Mn:

Manganese

Ca:

Calcium

Cu:

Copper

SO2 :

Sulfur dioxide

Al2O3 :

Aluminium oxide

CuO:

Copper (II) oxide

Fe3O4 :

Iron (III) oxide

FAME:

Fatty acid methyl ester

ID:

Ignition Delay

CCME:

Citrullus colocynthis methyl ester

LBME:

Lipase-based methyl ester

References

  1. Shameer PM, Ramesh K (2018) Assessment on the consequences of injection timing and injection pressure on combustion characteristics of sustainable biodiesel fuelled engine. Renew Sust Energ Rev 81(3):45–61

    Google Scholar 

  2. Medeiros DL, Sales EA, Kiperstok A (2015) Energy production from microalgae biomass: Carbon footprint and energy balance. J Clean Prod 96:493–500

    Google Scholar 

  3. L. Subramani and H. Venu, “Evaluation of methyl ester derived from novel Chlorella emersonii as an alternative feedstock for DI diesel engine & its combustion , performance and tailpipe emissions,” 2018

  4. Fukuda H, Kondo A, Noda H (2001) Biodiesel fuel production by transesterification of oils. J Biosci Bioeng 92(5):405–416

    Google Scholar 

  5. Yang WM et al (2013) Emulsion fuel with novel nano-organic additives for diesel engine application. Fuel 104(x):726–731

    Google Scholar 

  6. Shan R, Shi J, Yan B, Chen G, Yao J, Liu C (2016) Transesterification of palm oil to fatty acids methyl ester using K2CO3/palygorskite catalyst. Energy Convers Manag 116:142–149

    Google Scholar 

  7. Rahmani Vahid B, Haghighi M (2017) Biodiesel production from sunflower oil over MgO/MgAl2O4nanocatalyst: Effect of fuel type on catalyst nanostructure and performance. Energy Convers Manag 134:290–300

    Google Scholar 

  8. Ferrero GO, Almeida MF, Alvim-Ferraz MCM, Dias JM (2015) Glycerol-enriched heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from soybean oil and waste frying oil. Energy Convers Manag 89:665–671

    Google Scholar 

  9. Mardhiah HH, Ong HC, Masjuki HH, Lim S, Lee HV (2017) A review on latest developments and future prospects of heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production from non-edible oils. Renew Sust Energ Rev 67:1225–1236

    Google Scholar 

  10. Dharma S et al (2016) Optimization of biodiesel production process for mixed Jatropha curcas-Ceiba pentandra biodiesel using response surface methodology. Energy Convers Manag 115:178–190

    Google Scholar 

  11. Mondal M et al (2016) Mixotrophic cultivation of Chlorella sp. BTA 9031 and Chlamydomonas sp. BTA 9032 isolated from coal field using various carbon sources for biodiesel production. Energy Convers Manag 124:297–304

    Google Scholar 

  12. Chen G, Liu J, Yao J, Qi Y, Yan B (2017) Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil in a magnetically fluidized bed reactor using whole-cell biocatalysts. Energy Convers Manag 138:556–564

    Google Scholar 

  13. Elsheikh YA, Akhtar FH (2014) Biodiesel from Citrullus colocynthis Oil: Sulfonic-Ionic Liquid-Catalyzed Esterification of a Two-Step Process. 2014

  14. Betiku E, Omilakin OR, Ajala SO, Okeleye AA, Taiwo AE, Solomon BO (2014) Mathematical modeling and process parameters optimization studies by artificial neural network and response surface methodology: A case of non-edible neem (Azadirachta indica) seed oil biodiesel synthesis. Energy 72:266–273

    Google Scholar 

  15. Li X et al (2012) Enzymatic production of biodiesel from Pistacia chinensis bge seed oil using immobilized lipase. Fuel 92(1):89–93

    Google Scholar 

  16. Tjong SC, Mai YW (Eds.) (2010) Physical properties and applications of polymer nanocomposites. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-84569-672-6.50030-3

    Google Scholar 

  17. Arumugam A, Thulasidharan D, Jegadeesan GB (2018) Process optimization of biodiesel production from Hevea brasiliensis oil using lipase immobilized on spherical silica aerogel. Renew Energy 116:755–761

    Google Scholar 

  18. Bose S, Armstrong DW, Petrich JW (2010) Enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of cellulose in ionic liquids: a green approach toward the production of biofuels. J Phys Chem B 114(24):8221–8227

    Google Scholar 

  19. Balasubramaniam B, Sudalaiyadum A, Jayaraman J, Mani J, Ramanujam P (2012) Comparative analysis for the production of fatty acid alkyl esterase using whole cell biocatalyst and purified enzyme from Rhizopus oryzae on waste cooking oil (sunflower oil). Waste Manag 32(8):1539–1547

    Google Scholar 

  20. Silitonga AS, Masjuki HH, Ong HC, Yusaf T, Kusumo F, Mahlia TMI (2016) Synthesis and optimization of Hevea brasiliensis and Ricinus communis as feedstock for biodiesel production: A comparative study. Ind Crop Prod 85:274–286

    Google Scholar 

  21. Cao L, Zhang S (2015) Production and characterization of biodiesel derived from hodgsonia macrocarpa seed oil. Appl Energy 146:135–140

    Google Scholar 

  22. Rajagopalachar S, Joshi SS, Reddy RP (2017) Biodiesel synthesis from Garcinia gummi-gutta ( L . Robson ) seed oil : fuel feasibility evaluation of a novel feedstock by homogeneous and heterogeneous transesterification. Biofuels:1–8

  23. Subramani L et al. “and Evaluation Production of Garcinia gummi-gutta Methyl Ester ( GGME ) as a Potential Alternative Feedstock for Existing Unmodified DI Diesel Engine :”

  24. I. Introduction. GARCINIA CAMBOGIA. vol. IV

  25. Thiruvengadaravi KV, Nandagopal J, Baskaralingam P, Sathya Selva Bala V, Sivanesan S (2012) Acid-catalyzed esterification of karanja (Pongamia pinnata) oil with high free fatty acids for biodiesel production. Fuel 98:1–4

    Google Scholar 

  26. Subramani L, Parthasarathy M, Balasubramanian D, Ramalingam K (2018) Novel Garcinia gummi-gutta methyl ester (GGME) as a potential alternative feedstock for existing unmodified DI diesel engine. Renew Energy

  27. Balasubramanian D, Rajan S, Arumugam S (2017) A numerical study on the effect of various combustion bowl parameters on the performance, combustion, and emission behavior on a single cylinder diesel engine

  28. Mohamed Shameer P, Ramesh K, Sakthivel R, Purnachandran R (2017) Effects of fuel injection parameters on emission characteristics of diesel engines operating on various biodiesel: A review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 67(3):1267–1281

    Google Scholar 

  29. Prakash Maran J, Priya B (2015) Modeling of ultrasound assisted intensification of biodiesel production from neem (Azadirachta indica) oil using response surface methodology and artificial neural network. Fuel 143:262–267

    Google Scholar 

  30. Menon K, Sood N, Rao NK (2016) Study of morpho-agronomic diversity and oil content in desert gourd (Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.). 10(7):1000–1006

  31. Schafferman D, Beharav A, Shabelsky E, Yaniv Z (1998) Evaluation of citrullus colocynthis, a desert plant native in Israel, as a potential source of edible oil. J Arid Environ 40(4):431–439

    Google Scholar 

  32. Supriyono H, Sulistyo MFA, Dias JM (2015) Influence of synthetic antioxidants on the oxidation stability of biodiesel produced from acid raw Jatropha curcas oil. Fuel Process Technol 132:133–138

    Google Scholar 

  33. Elsheikh YA (2013) Preparation of Citrullus colocynthis biodiesel via dual-step catalyzed process using functionalized imidazolium and pyrazolium ionic liquids for esterification step. Ind Crop Prod 49:822–829

    Google Scholar 

  34. Ahmed S, Hassan MH, Kalam MA, Ashrafur Rahman SM, Abedin MJ, Shahir A (2014) An experimental investigation of biodiesel production, characterization, engine performance, emission and noise of Brassica juncea methyl ester and its blends. J Clean Prod 79:74–81

    Google Scholar 

  35. Vijayaraj K, Sathiyagnanam AP (2016) Experimental investigation of a diesel engine with methyl ester of mango seed oil and diesel blends. Alexandria Eng J 55(1):215–221

    Google Scholar 

  36. Deep A, Sandhu SS, Chander S (2017) Experimental investigations on the influence of fuel injection timing and pressure on single cylinder C.I. engine fueled with 20% blend of castor biodiesel in diesel. Fuel 210:15–22

    Google Scholar 

  37. Talukder MMR, Das P, Fang TS, Wu JC (2011) Enhanced enzymatic transesterification of palm oil to biodiesel. Biochem Eng J 55(2):119–122

    Google Scholar 

  38. Kumar AS, Sivalingam A, Subramani L, Kandhasamy A, Venkatesan EP (2018) Experimental Investigation on Lemongrass Oil Water Emulsion in Low Heat Rejection Direct Ignition Diesel Engine. J Test Eval 47(1)

  39. Ciftci ON, Temelli F (2013) Enzymatic conversion of corn oil into biodiesel in a batch supercritical carbon dioxide reactor and kinetic modeling. J Supercrit Fluids 75:172–180

    Google Scholar 

  40. Lopresto CG et al (2015) Enzymatic transesterification of waste vegetable oil to produce biodiesel. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 121:229–235

    Google Scholar 

  41. Karthikeyan S, Elango A, Prathima A (2014) Performance and emission study on zinc oxide nano particles addition with pomolion stearin wax biodiesel of CI engine. J Sci Ind Res (India) 73(3):187–190

    Google Scholar 

  42. Miao C, Yang L, Wang Z, Luo W, Li H (2018) Lipase immobilization on amino-silane modi fi ed superparamagnetic Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles as biocatalyst for biodiesel production. Fuel 224:774–782

    Google Scholar 

  43. Yahya NY, Ngadi N, Jusoh M, Halim NAA (2016) Characterization and parametric study of mesoporous calcium titanate catalyst for transesterification of waste cooking oil into biodiesel. Energy Convers Manag 129:275–283

    Google Scholar 

  44. Ciftci ON et al (2016) Optimization of lipase production from organic solid waste by anaerobic digestion and its application in biodiesel production. Energy Convers Manag 102(1):2130–2134

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  45. Sarve A, Sonawane SS, Varma MN (2015) Ultrasound assisted biodiesel production from sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) oil using barium hydroxide as a heterogeneous catalyst: Comparative assessment of prediction abilities between response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN). Ultrason Sonochem 26:218–228

    Google Scholar 

  46. Arbi I, Sbihi H, Ping C, Al-resayes SI (2013) Evaluation and characterisation of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad seed oil : Comparison with Helianthus annuus ( sunflower ) seed oil. Food Chem 136(2):348–353

    Google Scholar 

  47. Kenthorai Raman J, Foo Wang Ting V, Pogaku R (2011) Life cycle assessment of biodiesel production using alkali, soluble and immobilized enzyme catalyst processes. Biomass Bioenergy 35(10):4221–4229

    Google Scholar 

  48. Parawira W (2009) Biotechnological production of biodiesel fuel using biocatalysed transesterification: A review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 29(2):82–93

    Google Scholar 

  49. Campanelli P, Banchero M, Manna L (2010) Synthesis of biodiesel from edible , non-edible and waste cooking oils via supercritical methyl acetate transesterification. Fuel 89(12):3675–3682

    Google Scholar 

  50. Minami E, Saka S (2006) Kinetics of hydrolysis and methyl esterification for biodiesel production in two-step supercritical methanol process. Fuel 85(17–18):2479–2483

    Google Scholar 

  51. Shiu PJ, Gunawan S, Hsieh WH, Kasim NS, Ju YH (2010) Biodiesel production from rice bran by a two-step in-situ process. Bioresour Technol 101(3):984–989

    Google Scholar 

  52. Ghadge SV, Raheman H (2005) Biodiesel production from mahua (Madhuca indica) oil having high free fatty acids. Biomass Bioenergy 28(6):601–605

    Google Scholar 

  53. Perumal V, Ilangkumaran M (2017) Experimental analysis of engine performance, combustion and emission using pongamia biodiesel as fuel in CI engine. Energy 129:228–236

    Google Scholar 

  54. Kakati J, Gogoi TK (2016) Biodiesel production from Kutkura (Meyna spinosa Roxb. Ex.) fruit seed oil: Its characterization and engine performance evaluation with 10% and 20% blends. Energy Convers Manag 121:152–161

    Google Scholar 

  55. Yusup S, Khan M (2010) Basic properties of crude rubber seed oil and crude palm oil blend as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production with enhanced cold flow characteristics. Biomass Bioenergy 34(10):1523–1526

    Google Scholar 

  56. Hassan SNAM, Ishak MAM, Ismail K, Ali SN, Yusop MF (2014) Comparison study of rubber seed shell and kernel (Hevea brasiliensis) as raw material for bio-oil production. Energy Procedia 52:610–617

    Google Scholar 

  57. Robles-Medina A, González-Moreno PA, Esteban-Cerdán L, Molina-Grima E (2009) Biocatalysis: Towards ever greener biodiesel production. Biotechnol Adv 27(4):398–408

    Google Scholar 

  58. Amini Z, Ilham Z, Ong HC, Mazaheri H, Chen WH (2017) State of the art and prospective of lipase-catalyzed transesterification reaction for biodiesel production. Energy Convers Manag 141:339–353

    Google Scholar 

  59. Kumari A, Mahapatra P, Garlapati VK, Banerjee R (2009) Enzymatic transesterification of Jatropha oil. Biotechnol Biofuels 2

  60. Dharma S et al (2017) Experimental study and prediction of the performance and exhaust emissions of mixed Jatropha curcas-Ceiba pentandra biodiesel blends in diesel engine using artificial neural networks. J Clean Prod 164:618–633

    Google Scholar 

  61. Mohan B, Yang W, Chou SK (2013) Fuel injection strategies for performance improvement and emissions reduction in compression ignition engines - A review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 28(x):664–676

    Google Scholar 

  62. Tupufia SC, Jeon YJ, Marquis C, Adesina AA, Rogers PL (2013) Enzymatic conversion of coconut oil for biodiesel production. Fuel Process Technol 106:721–726

    Google Scholar 

  63. Madheshiya AK, Vedrtnam A (2018) Energy-exergy analysis of biodiesel fuels produced from waste cooking oil and mustard oil. Fuel 214:386–408

    Google Scholar 

  64. Gürü M, Karakaya U, Altıparmak D, Alıcılar A (2002) Improvement of Diesel fuel properties by using additives. Energy Convers Manag 43(8):1021–1025

    Google Scholar 

  65. Gumus S, Ozcan H, Ozbey M, Topaloglu B (2016) Aluminum oxide and copper oxide nanodiesel fuel properties and usage in a compression ignition engine. Fuel 163:80–87

    Google Scholar 

  66. Ntui VO, Thirukkumaran G, Iioka S, Mii M (2009) Efficient plant regeneration via organogenesis in ‘Egusi’ melon (Colocynthis citrullus L.). Sci Hortic (Amsterdam) 119(4):397–402

    Google Scholar 

  67. Karthikeyan S, Elango A, Prathima A (2014) An environmental effect of GSO methyl ester with ZnO additive fuelled marine engine. Indian J Geo-Marine Sci 43(4):564–570

    Google Scholar 

  68. Fayyazbakhsh A, Pirouzfar V (2016) Determining the optimum conditions for modified diesel fuel combustion considering its emission, properties and engine performance. Energy Convers Manag 113:209–219

    Google Scholar 

  69. Hosseini SH, Taghizadeh-Alisaraei A, Ghobadian B, Abbaszadeh-Mayvan A (2017) Performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine fuelled with carbon nanotubes and diesel-biodiesel blends. Renew Energy 111:201–213

    Google Scholar 

  70. Patel PD, Lakdawala A, Chourasia S, Patel RN (2016) Bio fuels for compression ignition engine: A review on engine performance, emission and life cycle analysis. Renew Sust Energ Rev 65:24–43

    Google Scholar 

  71. Sakthivel G, Ilangkumaran M, Nagarajan G (2013) Predicting the engine performance using ethyl ester of fish oil with the aid of artificial neural network. Int J Ambient Energy 34(3):145–158

    Google Scholar 

  72. Al-Hamamre Z, Yamin J (2014) Parametric study of the alkali catalyzed transesterification of waste frying oil for Biodiesel production. Energy Convers Manag 79:246–254

    Google Scholar 

  73. Wang X, Liu X, Zhao C, Ding Y, Xu P (2011) Biodiesel production in packed-bed reactors using lipase-nanoparticle biocomposite. Bioresour Technol 102(10):6352–6355

    Google Scholar 

  74. Ramalingam KM, Kandasamy A, Subramani L, Balasubramanian D, Paul James Thadhani J (2018) An assessment of combustion, performance characteristics and emission control strategy by adding anti-oxidant additive in emulsified fuel. Atmos Pollut Res

  75. Bueso F, Moreno L, Cedeño M, Manzanarez K (2015) Lipase-catalyzed biodiesel production and quality with Jatropha curcas oil: exploring its potential for Central America. J Biol Eng 9(1):12

    Google Scholar 

  76. Venu H, Madhavan V (2016) Effect of Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles in biodiesel-diesel-ethanol blends at various injection strategies : Performance , combustion and emission characteristics. Fuel 186:176–189

    Google Scholar 

  77. Khiari K, Awad S, Loubar K, Tarabet L, Mahmoud R, Tazerout M (2016) Experimental investigation of pistacia lentiscus biodiesel as a fuel for direct injection diesel engine. Energy Convers Manag 108:392–399

    Google Scholar 

  78. Kshirsagar CM, Anand R (2017) Artificial neural network applied forecast on a parametric study of Calophyllum inophyllum methyl ester-diesel engine out responses. Appl Energy 189:555–567

    Google Scholar 

  79. Phoo ZWMM et al (2014) Evaluation of Indian milkweed (Calotropis gigantea) seed oil as alternative feedstock for biodiesel. Ind Crop Prod 54:226–232

    Google Scholar 

  80. Agarwal AK, Srivastava DK, Dhar A, Maurya RK, Shukla PC, Singh AP (2013) Effect of fuel injection timing and pressure on combustion, emissions and performance characteristics of a single cylinder diesel engine. Fuel 111:374–383

    Google Scholar 

  81. Piemonte V, Di Paola L, Iaquaniello G, Prisciandaro M (2016) Biodiesel production from microalgae: Ionic liquid process simulation. J Clean Prod 111:62–68

    Google Scholar 

  82. Wamankar AK, Satapathy AK, Murugan S (2015) Experimental investigation of the effect of compression ratio, injection timing & pressure in a DI (direct injection) diesel engine running on carbon black-water-diesel emulsion. Energy 93:511–520

    Google Scholar 

  83. Balasubramanian D, Sokkalingam Arumugam SR, Subramani L, Joshua Stephen Chellakumar IJL, Mani A (2017) A numerical study on the effect of various combustion bowl parameters on the performance, combustion, and emission behavior on a single cylinder diesel engine. Environ Sci Pollut Res

  84. Prasada Rao K, Victor Babu T, Anuradha G, Appa Rao BV (2017) IDI diesel engine performance and exhaust emission analysis using biodiesel with an artificial neural network (ANN). Egypt J Pet 26(3):593–600

    Google Scholar 

  85. Verma P, Sharma MP, Dwivedi G (2016) Impact of alcohol on biodiesel production and properties. Renew Sust Energ Rev 56:319–333

    Google Scholar 

  86. Wei M, Li S, Liu J, Guo G, Sun Z, Xiao H (2017) Effects of injection timing on combustion and emissions in a diesel engine fueled with 2,5-dimethylfuran-diesel blends. Fuel 192:208–217

    Google Scholar 

  87. Taghavifar H, Taghavifar H, Mardani A, Mohebbi A (2014) Modeling the impact of in-cylinder combustion parameters of di engines on soot and NOx emissions at rated EGR levels using ANN approach. Energy Convers Manag 87:1–9

    Google Scholar 

  88. Hwang J, Bae C, Gupta T (2016) Application of waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel in a compression ignition engine. Fuel 176:20–31

    Google Scholar 

  89. Ganesan P, Rajakarunakaran S, Thirugnanasambandam M, Devaraj D (2015) Artificial neural network model to predict the diesel electric generator performance and exhaust emissions. Energy 83:115–124

    Google Scholar 

  90. Sajeevan AC, Sajith V (2016) Synthesis of stable cerium zirconium oxide nanoparticle - Diesel suspension and investigation of its effects on diesel properties and smoke. Fuel 183:155–163

    Google Scholar 

  91. Ramalingam K et al (2018) An assessment of combustion, performance characteristics and emission control strategy by adding anti-oxidant additive in emulsified fuel. Atmos Pollut Res:1–0

  92. Shaafi T, Velraj R (2015) Influence of alumina nanoparticles, ethanol and isopropanol blend as additive with diesel-soybean biodiesel blend fuel: Combustion, engine performance and emissions. Renew Energy 80:655–663

    Google Scholar 

  93. Agarwal AK, Dhar A, Gupta JG, Il Kim W, Lee CS, Park S (2014) Effect of fuel injection pressure and injection timing on spray characteristics and particulate size-number distribution in a biodiesel fuelled common rail direct injection diesel engine. Appl Energy 130:212–221

    Google Scholar 

  94. Lei T et al (2016) Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine running on optimized ethyl levulinate-biodiesel-diesel blends. Energy 95:29–40

    Google Scholar 

  95. Rezaei J, Shahbakhti M, Bahri B, Aziz AA (2015) Performance prediction of HCCI engines with oxygenated fuels using artificial neural networks. Appl Energy 138:460–473

    Google Scholar 

  96. Can Ö, Öztürk E, Yücesu HS (2017) Combustion and exhaust emissions of canola biodiesel blends in a single cylinder DI diesel engine. Renew Energy 109:73–82

    Google Scholar 

  97. Alloune R, Balistrou M, Awad S, Loubar K, Tazerout M (2016) Performance, combustion and exhaust emissions characteristics investigation using Citrullus colocynthis L. biodiesel in DI diesel engine. J Energy Inst:1–11

  98. Park SH, Yoon SH, Lee CS (2013) HC and CO emissions reduction by early injection strategy in a bioethanol blended diesel-fueled engine with a narrow angle injection system. Appl Energy 107(x):81–88

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Automobile Engineering, Madras Institute of Technology (MIT) Campus, Anna University, Chromepet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 044, India

    Arularasu Sivalingam, Annamalai Kandhasamy, Appuraja Senthil Kumar, Elumalai Perumal Venkatesan, Lingesan Subramani, Krishnamoorthy Ramalingam & J. Paul James Thadhani

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, 600077, India

    Harish Venu

Authors
  1. Arularasu Sivalingam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Annamalai Kandhasamy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Appuraja Senthil Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Elumalai Perumal Venkatesan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Lingesan Subramani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Krishnamoorthy Ramalingam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. J. Paul James Thadhani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Harish Venu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Arularasu Sivalingam.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sivalingam, A., Kandhasamy, A., Senthil Kumar, A. et al. Citrullus colocynthis - an experimental investigation with enzymatic lipase based methyl esterified biodiesel. Heat Mass Transfer 55, 3613–3631 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-019-02632-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-019-02632-y

Search

Navigation