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Desmopressin therapy in children and adults: pharmacological considerations and clinical implications

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Abstract

Purpose

This review aims to provide prescribing clinicians a deeper appreciation of desmopressin’s clinical indications and formulation types, to better balance efficacy and safety through proper formulation selection.

Background

Since its discovery 50 years ago, desmopressin’s antidiuretic properties have been used for central diabetes insipidus, primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis and adult nocturnal polyuria, while its coagulant effects are useful for mild hemophilia A and von Willebrand Disease. During this time, newer formulations of desmopressin have also been introduced to the market raising questions on interchangeability, dose conversion and safety. The wide array of clinical indications and variable pharmacokinetic properties of different desmopressin preparations raises the possibility of medication error, especially the risk of hyponatraemia.

Methodology

A narrative review to explore clinically relevant aspects of desmopressin therapy, synthesising information obtained from searches of published literature.

Results

We identified that the risk factors for developing hyponatremia include extremes of age, existing comorbidity, drug interaction, intranasal formulations and intercurrent illness. We describe the dose equivalence between all formulations to facilitate conversion. We highlight that in view of inter-subject variability, close monitoring is recommended when switching preparations. We found that paediatric data remains limited, leading to recent proposals for age- and weight-based dosing regimens.

Conclusion

The risk of hyponatremia, albeit small, can be reduced by adhering to the indication-specific doses and taking steps to govern the safe prescription of the drug. Further paediatric clinical trials are awaited to expand the evidence base of childhood desmopressin therapy.

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Abbreviations

ADH:

Antidiuretic hormone

AUC:

Area under curve

AVP:

Arginine vasopressin

AVPR1:

Arginine vasopressin receptor 1

AVPR2:

Arginine vasopressin receptor 2

CDI:

Central diabetes insipidus

DI:

Diabetes insipidus

IM:

Intramuscular

IV:

Intravenous

MELT:

Oral lyophilisate table

OST:

Oral solid tablet

PD:

Pharmacodynamics

PK:

Pharmacokinetics

PMNE:

Primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis

SC:

Subcutaneous

vWD:

Von Willebrand disease

vWF:

Von Willebrand factor

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Chin, X., Teo, S.W., Lim, S.T. et al. Desmopressin therapy in children and adults: pharmacological considerations and clinical implications. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 78, 907–917 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-022-03297-z

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