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Clinical pharmacology in Russia—historical development and current state

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Abstract

Clinical pharmacology in Russia has long history and is currently active, but rather unrecognized internationally. It is governmentally approved as a teaching/scientific specialty since 1983 and as a medical specialty since 1997. Courses of clinical pharmacology are included in the undergraduate curricula in the 5th and/or 6th year of education at all medical schools in the Russian Federation. Postgraduate education includes initial specialization in internal medicine with further residency in clinical pharmacology. Governmental legislation recommends that every healthcare institution has either a department or a single position of clinical pharmacologist. Major routine duties include information about and monitoring of medication use, consultations in difficult clinical situations, pharmacogenetic counseling, therapeutic drug monitoring, pharmacovigilance, and participation in drug and therapeutics (formulary) committees. There are official experts in clinical pharmacology in Russia responsible for coordinating relevant legislative issues. The chief expert clinical pharmacologist represents the discipline directly at the Ministry of Health. Research in clinical pharmacology in Russia is extensive and variable, but only some of it is published internationally. Russia is a participant of international societies of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics and collaboration is actively ongoing. There are still certain problems related to the development of the discipline in Russia—some healthcare institutions do not see the need for clinical pharmacology. However, the number of clinical pharmacologists in Russia is increasing as well as their role in physicians’ education, national healthcare, and research.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to acknowledge Professor Folke Sjoqvist for the conceptualization of this review and for the advice on the content and editing of the manuscript and Professor Michael Orme for the thorough reading and linguistic editing of the text.

Author contributions

Dr. Zagorodnikova drafted the initial manuscript and revised it. Dr. Burbello retrieved historical data presented in the text, supervised, and revised the manuscript. Dr. Sychev collected and provided data on research in clinical pharmacology and revised the manuscript. Dr. Frolov provided information on professional associations and collaboration as well as official statistical figures related to the current state of clinical pharmacology. Dr. Kukes co-supervised and revised all sections of the manuscript, mainly in history and education parts. Dr. Petrov co-supervised the review and contributed to its concept.

Ethical considerations

The manuscript does not contain clinical studies or patient data.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. North-Western State Medical University, Piskarevsky prospect, 47, Saint-Petersburg, Russia

    Ksenia Zagorodnikova (Goryachkina) & Aleksandra Burbello

  2. Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Barrikadnaya str. 2/1, Moscow, Russia

    Dmitry Sychev

  3. Volgograd State Medical University, sq. Pavshih bortsov, 1, Volgograd, Russia

    Maxim Frolov & Vladimir Petrov

  4. First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya str. 8/2, Moscow, Russia

    Vladimir Kukes

Authors
  1. Ksenia Zagorodnikova (Goryachkina)
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  2. Aleksandra Burbello
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  3. Dmitry Sychev
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  4. Maxim Frolov
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  5. Vladimir Kukes
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  6. Vladimir Petrov
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ksenia Zagorodnikova (Goryachkina).

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary Figure 1

Professional education for clinical pharmacologists in Russia (DOC 26 kb)

Supplementary Figure 2

Administrative representation of clinical pharmacology in Russia (DOC 28 kb)

Supplementary Figure 3

Regional distribution of clinical pharmacologists in Russia (number per 1,000 inhabitants) (DOC 57 kb)

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Zagorodnikova (Goryachkina), K., Burbello, A., Sychev, D. et al. Clinical pharmacology in Russia—historical development and current state. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 71, 159–163 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-014-1787-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-014-1787-6

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