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Cyclical trends in the biomass and mean body weight indices of two Northwest Atlantic squid species and their synchronies with Gulf Stream latitudinal positions

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Abstract

Autoregressive spectral analysis revealed underlying cyclical trends in the highly variable biomass and mean body weight indices of two Northwest Atlantic squid species with opposing life histories. Doryteuthis pealeii attaches its egg masses to the seabed in shallow waters on the Northeast USA shelf. The broader-ranging Illex illecebrosus uses the Gulf Stream (GS) to transport its pelagic egg masses and paralarvae from the Southern (USA shelf) to the Middle (Scotian Shelf) and Northern (Grand Banks) Fishery Regions. We compared significant spectral peaks, or cycles, between the 1993–2016 survey indices, GS latitudinal positions (at 74°, 70°, 65°, 60°, 55° and 50°W) and winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) indices to reveal any synchronicities. Positive NAO anomalies associated with northward GS position shifts were predominant. NAO indices exhibited 2–3-year, 4–5-year, and near-decadal cycles. GS position periodicities included 2–3-year, 3–4-year, and both timescales for west of 65°W (Western Segment), east of 60°W (Eastern), and from 65° to 60°W, respectively. I. illecebrosus indices exhibited stock-wide 3–4-year cycles and 2–3-year cycles for the Middle and Southern Fishery Regions that were synchronous with GS latitudinal positions for the Eastern and Western GS Segments, respectively. D. pealeii biomass cycles varied seasonally. Spring 4–5-year cycles were synchronous with the NAO, and fall near-decadal cycles were synchronous with the NAO and all GS locations analyzed. Our findings of inter-annual biomass and body weight cycles from 2 to 3 years to near-decadal are remarkable given the sub-annual lifespans of both species, but confirm the tight coupling between recruitment, body size, and cyclical environmental forcing factors.

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Data availability

The data analyzed in this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the anonymous reviewers who took the time to conduct a thorough review of our manuscript and provide us with helpful comments that improved its content. This research would not have been possible without the efforts of the many seagoing scientists who diligently collected the survey data analyzed herein, often under poor weather conditions. Thank you for collecting these survey datasets. We also extend our sincere thanks to the following colleagues who provided L. Hendrickson with either raw data or survey indices that were included in this study: K. Baker, H. Benoit, D. Ricard, M. McMahon and M. Showell (Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada) and D. Gonzalez-Troncoso (Instituto Español de Oceanografia). AG acknowledges the financial support from NSF (OCE-1851242 and OCE-2123283), SMAST and UMass Dartmouth. We also thank A. Schmidt of SMAST, for obtaining the AVISO sea surface height data, and A. Miller, from the Northeast Fisheries Science Center, for creating Figures 1, 2 and S1.

Funding

AG received financial support for this work from two National Science Foundation (NSF) grants (OCE-1851242 and OCE-2123283), the School for Marine Science and Technology (SMAST) and UMass Dartmouth. Authors LCH and HM declare that no funds, grants or other financial support were received for work related to the preparation of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Northeast Fisheries Science Center, U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, Woods Hole, MA, USA

    Lisa C. Hendrickson

  2. School for Marine Science and Technology, University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, New Bedford, MA, USA

    Avijit Gangopadhyay

  3. U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System, NOAA, Silver Spring, MD, USA

    Hassan Moustahfid

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  1. Lisa C. Hendrickson
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  2. Avijit Gangopadhyay
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  3. Hassan Moustahfid
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All authors contributed to the study’s conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analyses were performed by LCH and AG. The manuscript was written primarily by LCH with assistance from AG. All authors commented on and approved the version of the manuscript submitted for publication in the Marine Biology journal.

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Correspondence to Lisa C. Hendrickson.

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All of the squid catch data used in our study were obtained from the Northeast Fisheries Science Center’s multispecies bottom trawl survey database. The survey’s sampling and animal handling protocols were carried out in compliance with the United States National Marine Fisheries Service’s (NMFS) Institutional Animal Care and Use Policy (NMFS Policy 04-112) and Scientific Research Permit #23001.

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Hendrickson, L.C., Gangopadhyay, A. & Moustahfid, H. Cyclical trends in the biomass and mean body weight indices of two Northwest Atlantic squid species and their synchronies with Gulf Stream latitudinal positions. Mar Biol 170, 98 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-023-04237-w

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