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Cold temperatures as a source of stress: seasonality, sand burrowing and hemocyanin levels in Atlantic Canada sandy beach amphipods

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Abstract

Sandy beach species are adapted to a harsh physical habitat, but for those living at relatively high latitudes, the cold, often freezing winter conditions, entail a challenge that has not been thoroughly examined. We therefore examined the individual response of talitroid amphipods (Americorchestia longicornis; Say 1818) to the strong seasonality affecting sandy beaches in Prince Edward Island, Atlantic Canada (46°N). We then experimentally assessed the influence of low temperatures upon amphipod burrowing behavior and stress levels (hemocyanin concentrations), hypothesizing that cold and freezing temperatures prompt drastic behavioral and physiological responses in the amphipods. Biweekly amphipod samples collected over three years (2019–2021) made evident the narrowness of their activity season and its tight correlation with temperature (Spearman’s r = 0.85). While amphipods were abundant above 10 °C, they were very few under 5 °C and none near 0 °C. In the laboratory, amphipods exposed to 10 °C remained at shallow depths in the sand (70% at 0–4 cm of depth). By comparison, amphipods exposed to 5 °C were found at several depths (0–40 cm), while those exposed to 0 °C concentrated (70%) at depths of 16–40 cm. The assessment of stress levels showed that in comparison to amphipods at ambient temperatures, those exposed to freezing conditions exhibited hemocyanin levels 55 and 82% higher after 1 and 2 weeks, respectively. Combined, these results suggest that cold and freezing temperatures shorten the season of the amphipods and prompt them to burrow deeper into the sand and increase their stress levels, possibly influencing other life history traits.

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The dataset generated during and/or analyzed during the current study is not publicly available, but can be made available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Handling Editor and four anonymous reviewers, in addition to Kevin Teather and Christian Lacroix (UPEI) for their valuable comments on earlier versions of this manuscript. Our gratitude also goes to Kerry-Lynn Atkinson and Hailey Paynter (PEI Parks Canada) for their advice, permits and continued support while conducting some of the field work described in this manuscript. In addition, we thank Gilbert Blatch (UPEI) for access to the environmental chambers used in the laboratory experiments. Research funding was provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council Canada (NSERC) through Discovery grants (PAQ) and CGS-M and CGS-D scholarships (KDL).

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  1. Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE, C1A4P3, Canada

    K. Devon Lynn & Pedro A. Quijón

  2. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada

    Spencer J. Greenwood

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KDL and PAQ participated in the initial study conception and design and in material preparation and data collection. Data analysis, synthesis and drafts of the manuscripts were written and edited by KDL, SJG and PAQ. All the authors also revised and approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Pedro A. Quijón.

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Lynn, K.D., Greenwood, S.J. & Quijón, P.A. Cold temperatures as a source of stress: seasonality, sand burrowing and hemocyanin levels in Atlantic Canada sandy beach amphipods. Mar Biol 170, 64 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-023-04211-6

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