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Sex matters? Association between foraging behaviour, diet, and physiology in Magellanic penguins

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Abstract

Ecological segregation has been documented between males and females in different populations of seabirds. Moreover, foraging behaviour and diet have been associated with markers of oxidative status, and have been suggested to be a driver of sex-biased oxidative costs of reproduction in wild marine vertebrates. Nevertheless, the ecological role of sex driving such associations has been little studied. We, therefore, examined whether foraging habitat (δ13C), trophic level (δ15N), dietary antioxidants (retinol and α-tocopherol) and oxidative status (antioxidant capacity and oxidative damage, ROM) were ecologically segregated by sex in Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) breeding in Peninsula Valdés (Argentina) visualizing the isotopic, dietary antioxidant, and oxidative status Bayesian spaces as proxies for ecological niches. Our results suggest that specific sexual segregation by ecological niche partially drives the relation between foraging, dietary antioxidants, and oxidative status. The dietary antioxidant niche showed females with extremely low α-tocopherol levels relative to males, although retinol values seemed to be similar between sexes. Higher trophic levels preys (high δ15N) were positively associated with α-tocopherol in males suggesting that their greater dependence on the Argentinian hake (a benthopelagic fish rich in α-tocopherol) led to a higher absorption of specific dietary antioxidants than females. In addition, a positive relation between α-tocopherol and ROMs in males suggested that their benthic foraging was associated with greater oxidative damage, and that higher levels of alpha-tocopherol in benthopelagic fish were not sufficient to prevent higher levels of oxidative damage associated with the consumption of such fish. Overall, sex-biased dietary antioxidant niche linked with sex-specific ecological segregation.

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The data generated and analysed during this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We thank D. A. Saban for field assistance. We thank three anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions that improved the manuscript. This study is a contribution to the PINGUCLIM project.

Funding

This study was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (CTM2011-24427 and CTM2015-64720) and Multiannual Research Projects-CONICET (PIP 112–20110100680). RCC held a Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness FPI and mobility grants (BES2012-059299 and EEBB-I-14–07887), and EC had a CONICET doctoral fellowship.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departmento Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain

    Roger Colominas-Ciuró, Virginia Vidal & Andrés Barbosa

  2. Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR-CONICET), Puerto Madryn, Argentina

    Marcelo Bertellotti & Verónica L. D’Amico

  3. Cát. Biología de la Conservación, Universidad del Chubut, Puerto Madryn, Argentina

    Marcelo Bertellotti

  4. Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos (IBIOMAR-CONICET), Puerto Madryn, Argentina

    Eliana Carabajal

  5. Departmento Ecología Funcional y Evolutiva, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA-CSIC), Almería, Spain

    Jesús Benzal

  6. Área de Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain

    Miguel Motas

  7. Department Ecology, Physiology & Ethology, CNRS, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, University of Strasbourg, UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France

    Roger Colominas-Ciuró

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  1. Roger Colominas-Ciuró
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Contributions

AB conceived and designed the study. AB, MB, and VLA were involved in securing funding and permits for the study. MB and VLA secured the necessary logistics in the field. RC-C, MB, VLD, and EC carried out the fieldwork. AB secured funding for the lab work. RC-C carried out the lab work. AB and RC-C analysed the data and drafted the manuscript. All authors were involved in discussing the final manuscript by provided comments and suggestions, and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Roger Colominas-Ciuró.

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This article does not contain any studies with human participants. All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. All animal handling and experimental procedures were approved by the Office of Tourism and Protected Areas of Chubut Province and Fauna and Flora Department, Argentina.

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Colominas-Ciuró, R., Bertellotti, M., D’Amico, V.L. et al. Sex matters? Association between foraging behaviour, diet, and physiology in Magellanic penguins. Mar Biol 169, 21 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-021-04003-w

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