Abstract
More than half of the fish biomass of coastal rocky reefs depends on zooplankton; however, the trophic basis of estuarine fish assemblages remains unknown. We quantified the trophic basis (i.e. basal energy sources) of fish community biomass inhabiting three habitat types (seagrass, natural reef and artificial reef) in two estuaries, compared with two coastal rocky reef sites. Fish assemblages were surveyed with Baited Remote Underwater Video (BRUVs) and the species abundance, richness and biomass of fish were classified into nine functional feeding groups (6 teleost and 3 elasmobranch). Comparable metrics for coastal fish assemblages were obtained from published surveys using BRUVs. Using the functional feeding group biomass and the group-specific diet composition, the breakdown of energy sources was calculated using a food web analysis. Estuarine reef habitats had different species and different functional feeding group composition than seagrass habitat. The majority of fish biomass in the seagrass habitat was supported by detritus (51% in Botany Bay) or macrophytes (58% in Lake Macquarie). In contrast, zooplankton supported most fish biomass (45–59%) at the coastal reef locations, and in reef habitat in one estuary (35–43%), but not the other estuary (33–34%). Trophic pathways which support fish assemblages, are key in identifying mitigation measures which can help conserve these populations with growing urbanisation of estuaries and coasts.
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Data and materials available at https://github.com/belindagoddard/Trophic-Basis-Fish-Assemblage.
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Code available at https://github.com/belindagoddard/Trophic-Basis-Fish-Assemblage.
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Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the support of Centre for Marine Science and Innovation and the School of BEES at the University of New South Wales, and the NSW Department of Primary Industries. The authors recognise the data shared by the Reef Life Survey (reeflifesurvey.com).
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Alistair Becker was funded by the NSW Recreational Saltwater Fishing Trust for the Lake Macquarie and Botany Bay field work.
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The analysis and initial draft was completed by BKG. IMS and AB conceived the study. JAS updated and improved the numerical scripts. RCS provided the food web script. All authors contributed to the analysis and writing of the paper.
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Goddard, B.K., Becker, A., Harasti, D. et al. The trophic basis of fish assemblages in temperate estuarine and coastal ecosystems. Mar Biol 169, 19 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-021-04001-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-021-04001-y