Abstract
The arborescent bryozoan Amathia verticillata (Delle Chiaje, 1822) can be found in both tropical and temperate waters but little is known on how natural dispersal and human-mediated transport mediates its current widespread distribution. The species can rapidly cover and dominate large areas of natural and artificial substrates, and infests port areas, ships, pipelines, and industrial marine installations. In addition, A. verticillata could be a complex of cryptic species, similar to many other bryozoan species with presumed cosmopolitan distributions. In this study, we tested whether A. verticillata represents a complex of cryptic species or it is a single species, and assessed whether natural and/or anthropogenic dispersal can explain its cosmopolitan distribution. We performed phylogenetic and population genetic analyses based on two mitochondrial genes (16S and COI) from samples collected in the United States, Brazil, Spain, Australia, and Mexico. Our results show a low genetic structure between Atlantic and Pacific oceans, with one haplotype of both genes widely distributed, while the other haplotypes (all with very low nucleotides diversity) were specific to each region. This suggests that A. verticillata is a single species, whose broad distribution seems to have been mediated by humans; the biology of the species in addition to its common occurrence near port areas also indicate this fact. However, to elucidate its origin and dispersal routes, a more extensive sampling effort and the usage of the genome-wide molecular markers should be explored. Until these studies are carried out, we recommend that the species should still be considered as cryptogenic.
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Availability of data and material
Sequences were deposited in GenBank, and sequences and chromatograms are available on the Barcode of Life Database System (BOLD) (www.boldsystems.org) under the project “Bryozoa from Brazil (and other countries)”. Colonies were deposited in the bryozoan collections of the Zoology Museum, University of São Paulo (MZUSP), and Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Brazil. GenBank accession and museum accession numbers are in Electronic Supplementary Material 3.
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Bruno Sayão for his help during sampling. We also thank Carlo Cunha, Chiara Lombardi, Cláudio Tiago, Etiene Clavico, Judith Winston, Kevin Tilbrook, Larissa Santos, Lícia Sales, María Tovar-Hernández, Oscar Reverter-Gil, Rafael Duarte, and Rosana Rocha for providing and donating samples for this work. We are grateful to Leandro Vieira, Ezequiel Ale and Claudia Vaga for their helpful assistance. We thank both the editor, Marc Rius, and an anonymous reviewer for their valuable comments on the manuscript. This paper is a contribution of the Research Center for Marine Biodiversity (NP-BioMar).
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This study was funded by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico—CNPq (# 130112/2013-5 and # 308056/2015-9), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (PROEX), and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo—FAPESP (# 2011/19857-3).
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The specimens of Amathia verticillata from Brazil collected by the authors were authorized by the Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio), through the Sistema de Autorização e Informação em Biodiversidade (SISBIO); license # 10186-1. All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for animal testing, animal care, and use of animals were followed by the authors.
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Nascimento, K.B., Migotto, A.E. & Fehlauer-Ale, K.H. Molecular data suggest the worldwide introduction of the bryozoan Amathia verticillata (Ctenostomata, Vesiculariidae). Mar Biol 168, 33 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-021-03837-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-021-03837-8