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Demographic consequences of fisheries interaction within a killer whale (Orcinus orca) population

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Abstract

Individual heterogeneity in foraging behavior has been widely documented within predator populations. In highly social apex predators such as killer whales (Orcinus orca), specialization may occur at the matriline level. A small population of killer whales has been documented to occur around the Crozet Islands. These whales feed on a wide range of prey items including seals, penguins and large whales, as well as depredate the local Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) longline fishery. The level of interactions with fisheries varies greatly between matrilines. Here, we present the results on the effects of such behavioral heterogeneity on the demographic trends of this killer whale population. We used photo-identification data from 1977 to 2011 in a mark–recapture framework to test the effect of varying levels of fisheries interactions on adult survival. We documented significant differences in survival between depredating and non-depredating whales, resulting in divergent intra-population demographic trends. These differences showed low survival, and thus a negative effect, for depredating whales when illegal fishing occurred (poachers used lethal methods to deter killer whales from depredating longlines). After illegal fishing stopped (2003–2011), the survival rates of depredating individuals exceeded the survival rates of non-depredating individuals, suggesting a positive influence of “artificial food provisioning”. This effect was further supported by a higher population growth rate for depredating whales. This study highlights the potential demographic costs and benefits that cetaceans face from depredating fisheries and addresses the demographic consequences of both intra-population feeding specialization and the influence of anthropogenic changes in resource availability.

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Acknowledgements

This work was conducted as part of the 109 program (Resp. H. Weimerskirch) with the Institut Polaire Français (IPEV). Funding and logistic support was provided by the Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises (TAAF), the Réserve Naturelle des Terres Australes and the Reunion Island Fisheries Companies. We are grateful to the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris and especially P. Pruvost, A. Martin and C. Chazeau, for providing data from the “PECHEKER” database. Special thanks to all the photographers and fish observers who helped collect photo-identification images. We are extremely grateful to Dr. Holly Fearnbach for proofreading the manuscript and for her insightful comments. We thank N. G. Yoccoz and O. Gimenez for constructive comments on the methods used in the study. We also thank the reviewers for their insightful comments. The first author was financially supported by the French fishing association (SARPC), the TAAF administration (contract number 782095), and the Secrétariat d’état chargé de l’Outre Mer (contract number 782135).

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  1. Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), CNRS and Université de La Rochelle - UMR 7372, 79360, Villiers en Bois, France

    Paul Tixier, Christophe Barbraud & Christophe Guinet

  2. School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Melbourne Burwood Campus, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia

    Paul Tixier

  3. British Antarctic Survey, High Cross Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB30ET, UK

    Deborah Pardo

  4. Département des Milieux et Peuplements Aquatiques, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 43 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France

    Nicolas Gasco & Guy Duhamel

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  1. Paul Tixier
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Correspondence to Paul Tixier.

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The first author was financially supported by the French fishing association (SARPC), the TAAF administration (contract number 782095), and the Secrétariat d’état chargé de l’Outre Mer (contract number 782135).

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Tixier, P., Barbraud, C., Pardo, D. et al. Demographic consequences of fisheries interaction within a killer whale (Orcinus orca) population. Mar Biol 164, 170 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-017-3195-9

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