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Genetic heterogeneity among Eurytemora affinis populations in Western Europe

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Abstract

Evolutionary diversification of the broadly distributed copepod sibling species complex Eurytemora affinis has been documented in the northern hemisphere. However, the fine scale geographic distribution, levels of genetic subdivision, evolutionary, and demographic histories of European populations have been less explored. To gain information on genetic subdivision and to evaluate heterogeneity among European populations, we analyzed samples from 8 locations from 58° to 45°N and 0° to 23°E, using 549 base pairs of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. We discovered three distinct lineages of E. affinis in Western Europe, namely the East Atlantic lineage, the North Sea/English Channel (NSEC) lineage, and the Baltic lineage. These geographically separated lineages showed sequences divergence of 1.7–2.1%, dating back 1.9 million years (CI: 0.9–3.0 My) with no indication of isolation by distance. Genetic divergence in Europe was much lower than among North American lineages. Interestingly, genetic structure varied distinctively among the three lineages: the East Atlantic lineage was divided between the Gironde and the Loire populations, the NSEC lineage comprised one single population unit spanning the Seine, Scheldt and Elbe rivers and the third lineage was restricted to the Baltic Proper (Sweden). We revealed high haplotype diversity in the East Atlantic and the Baltic lineages, whereas in the NSEC lineage haplotype diversity was comparatively low. All three lineages showed signs of at least one demographic expansion event during Pleistocene glaciations that marked their genetic structure. These results provide a preliminary overview of the genetic structure of E. affinis in Europe.

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Acknowledgments

Funding for this research was provided by Seine-Aval, 2 conjoint projects: Fond France-Canada for Research and France-Québec #Program Samuel-De Champlain # 62.108 and the Research Federation FR1818. CP was funded by a postdoctoral grant from the University of Lille 1. We thank gratefully H. Gorokhova and S. Strake for providing samples from the Swedish Baltic and the Gulf of Riga, respectively. Special thanks are extended to S. Oesman, A. Cugat; P. Meire, Tom Maris, and M. Tackx; D. Devreker; B. Sautour and V. David for their help in sampling the Elbe, the Scheldt, the Seine, and the Gironde estuaries, respectively. We thank J. Cuguen to have generously accepted a zooplankton post doc (GW) in his botanical laboratory and P. Saumitou-Laprade for fruitful discussions. A. Courseaux and C. Godé provided excellent technical help in the laboratory. We thank C. E. Lee for providing E. affinis sequences for comparison and discussion purposes. We thank 2 anonymous reviewers for their greatly appreciated and helpful comments to improve this paper. Computational resources were provided by CRI-Lille 1 supported by the CNRS and Lille 1 University—Science and Technology. This paper is a contribution to the transversal action “genetics of copepods” within the Multidisciplinary Research Institute for Environemental Sciences (IRePSE) of Lille 1 University and Québec-Océan.

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  1. Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Québec-Océan, Université de Québec à Rimouski, 310 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, G5L 3A1, Canada

    Gesche Winkler

  2. Université Lille Nord de France, 59000, Lille, France

    Sami Souissi, Céline Poux & Vincent Castric

  3. USTL, LOG, Station Marine de Wimereux, 28 av. Foch, 62930, Wimereux, France

    Sami Souissi

  4. CNRS-UMR 8187, LOG, 62930, Wimereux, France

    Sami Souissi

  5. Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille-Lille 1, UMR CNRS 8016, UFR de Biologie, 59655, Villeneuve d’Ascq Cedex, France

    Céline Poux & Vincent Castric

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  1. Gesche Winkler
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  4. Vincent Castric
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Correspondence to Gesche Winkler.

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Communicated by T. Reusch.

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227_2011_1696_MOESM1_ESM.eps

Fig. 1S: Phylogenetic tree resulting from the ML analysis. The bootstrap values are given in Figure 5. The scale bar represents the number of substitutions per site. (EPS 14265 kb)

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Winkler, G., Souissi, S., Poux, C. et al. Genetic heterogeneity among Eurytemora affinis populations in Western Europe. Mar Biol 158, 1841–1856 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-011-1696-5

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