Abstract
The perpendicular to grain compression behavior of wood is critical in designing timber structures. The finite element method has been widely utilized to investigate the behavior of wood. However, until now there is no suitable constitutive model of wood that can reasonably describe the behavior of the super-large deformation, volumetric compaction and the anisotropy of wood under perpendicular to grain compression. In this study, perpendicular to grain compression test on Masson pine wood was performed to investigate the structural behavior in three different stress states, namely uniaxial, lateral restrained, and circumferentially restrained. Further, a constitutive model considering the anisotropy of wood was developed where the governing functions are separately defined in longitudinal and transverse directions. The porosity of wood in the transverse plane was simulated by considering the volumetric compaction, whereupon the corresponding failure criteria, flow rules, and hardening rules were proposed and the equations were derived. The developed model was verified by comparing the predicted data with the test results. The developed model can simulate the super-large perpendicular to grain deformation and the anisotropy of wood simultaneously which is useful for the numerical analysis of wood members, connections, and structures.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The raw data required to reproduce these findings are available to download from [http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/r6tjfpk9x3.1].
References
Beery WH, Ifju G, Mclain TE (1983) Quantitative wood anatomy—relating anatomy to transverse tensile strength. Wood Fiber Sci 15:395–407
Bodig J (1965) The effect of anatomy on the initial stress-strain relationship in transverse compression. For Prod J 15:197–202
Chen Z, Zhu E, Lam F, Pan J (2014) Structural performance of Dou-Gong brackets of Yingxian wood pagoda under vertical load-an experimental study. Eng Struct 80:274–288
Courtney TH (2000) Mechanical behaviour of materials, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, Boston
Deshpande VS, Fleck NA (2000) Isotropic constitutive models for metallic foams. J Mech Phys Solids 48:1253–1283. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5096(99)00082-4
Foust BE, Lesniak JR, Rowlands RE (2014) Stress analysis of a pinned wood joint by grey-field photoelasticity. Compos Part B-Eng 61:291–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.01.041
Gibson LJ, Ashby MF (1988) Cellular solids: structure and properties. Pergamon Press, New York
Gindl W, Müller U, Teischinger A (2003) Effects of cell anatomy on the plastic and elastic behaviour of different wood species loaded perpendicular to grain. IAWA J 24:117–128. https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000325
Gong X (2009) Building mechanical model and stress analysis under ice and snow load of Masson pine. Dissertation, Beijing Forestry University
Grossman P, Wold MB (1971) Compression fracture of wood parallel to the grain. Wood Sci Technol 5:147–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01134225
Hill R (1948) A theory of the yielding and plastic flow of anisotropic metals. Proc R Soc Lond 193:281–297. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1948.0045
Holmberg S, Persson K, Petersson H (1999) Nonlinear mechanical behaviour and analysis of wood and fibre materials. Comput Struct 72:459–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-7949(98)00331-9
Hong JP, Barrett D (2010) Three-dimensional finite-element modeling of nailed connections in wood. J Struct Eng 136:715–722. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000160
McMillin CW, Lemoine TJ, Manwiller FG (1970) Friction coefficient of oven-dry spruce pine on steel, as related to temperature and wood properties. Wood Fiber Sci 2:6–11
Mishnaevsky L Jr, Qing H (2008) Micromechanical modelling of mechanical behaviour and strength of wood: state-of-the-art review. Comp Mater Sci 44:363–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2008.03.043
Murray YD (2007) Manual for LS-DYNA wood material model 143. United States Federal Highway Administration, Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center: Mclean, VA
Sandhaas C, Van de Kuilen J W, Blass HJ (2012) Constitutive model for wood based on continuum damage mechanics. In: World conference on timber engineering-WCTE 2012: Auckland, New Zealand
Stamatopoulos H, Malo KA (2016) Withdrawal stiffness of threaded rods embedded in timber elements. Constr Build Mater 116:263–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.144
Tabarsa T, Chui YH (2001) Characterizing microscopic behavior of wood under transverse compression. Part II. Effect of species and loading direction. Wood Fiber Sci 33:223–232
Thelandersson S, Larsen HJ (2003) Timber engineering. John Wiley & Sons, West Sussex, England
Wu G, Zhong Y, Zhao R, Ren H (2021) Pre-reinforcing the mortise-tenon joints with near-surface-mounted glued-in rods. Struct Des Tall Spec Build. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.1826
Zhou T, Guan ZW (2011) A new approach to obtain flat nail embedding strength of double-sided nail plate joints. Constr Build Mater 25:598–607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.07.033
Zhou H, Zhou X (2020) FE modeling for bolted wood connection using a porous constitutive model. Adv Civ Eng 2020:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6621333
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful for the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31890772) and Chinese Academy of Forestry Fundamental Research Fund (Grant No. CAFYBB2020ZA003).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhong, Y., Wu, G., Fu, F. et al. A novel constitutive model for the porosity related super-large deformation and anisotropic behavior of wood under perpendicular to grain compression. Wood Sci Technol 56, 553–571 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-022-01361-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-022-01361-6