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Wood as a natural smart material

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Abstract

The dominant feature of artificial smart materials is the “shape memory” effect. This phenomenon is based on frozen strains (FS). They were detected in wood fastened specimens during drying in the early 1960s. The integral law of wood deforming under loading and moisture content and/or temperature changes was subsequently formulated. This law takes into account the forming of FS. It was applied for the calculation of wood drying stresses. Stress memory and strain memory effects for wood were discovered. Wood has the ability to recollect the type of loading (tension or compression) which it had undergone. The difference between the free and restrained shrinkage is named “frozen shrinkage” (FSh). In calculations of drying stresses, it is more justified to use the FSh concept than “mechano-sorptive creep” (MSC). The MSC phenomenon is observed at cyclical change of moisture content in loaded wood. “Hygrofatigue” that reduces wood stiffness plays the main role in this process.

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  1. Moscow State Forest University, Mytischi-5, 141005, Moscow Reg., Russia

    Boris N. Ugolev

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Ugolev, B.N. Wood as a natural smart material. Wood Sci Technol 48, 553–568 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-013-0611-2

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