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Low Skeletal Muscle Mass is Associated with the Risk of Low Bone Mineral Density in Urban Dwelling Premenopausal Women

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Abstract

To evaluate the relationship between skeletal muscle mass and bone mineral density (BMD) and to determine the association between low skeletal muscle mass and low BMD in urban dwelling young adults. This study was based on data from the 2008–2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. The subjects were 1702 20–49-year-old men and 2192 premenopausal women (age 20–55 years). BMD at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip and the appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) was defined as weight-adjusted ASM. Mildly and severely low muscle skeletal mass were defined as SMI that was 1–2 and >2 standard deviations below the sex-specific mean ASM of young adults, respectively. Low BMD was defined as T score of less than −1.0 at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and/or total hip. After adjusting for confounders, skeletal muscle mass was positively associated with BMD at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip in both men and women. Mildly and severely low skeletal muscle mass increased the risk of low BMD in premenopausal women [OR (95% CI) = 1.4 (1.1–1.9) and 2.4 (1.2–4.6), respectively] but not men. In women, low skeletal muscle mass independently was associated with the risk of low BMD at the femoral neck and total hip but not the lumbar spine. Skeletal muscle mass was independently associated with BMD in urban dwelling young men and women, but low skeletal muscle mass was associated with the risk of low BMD in premenopausal women only.

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Abbreviations

25OHD:

25-Hydroxyvitamin D

ALT:

Alanine aminotransferase

ASM:

Appendicular skeletal muscle mass

AST:

Aspartate aminotransferase

BMD:

Bone mineral density

BMI:

Body mass index

DXA:

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

KNHANES:

Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys

LBM:

Lean body mass

SD:

Standard deviation

SMI:

Skeletal muscle mass index

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), which was funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (NRF-2014R1A1A1006695).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea

    In Je Kim

  2. Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea

    Kwi Young Kang

  3. Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, #56, Dongsu-Ro, Bupyung-Gu, Incheon, South Korea

    Kwi Young Kang

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  1. In Je Kim
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Correspondence to Kwi Young Kang.

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In Je Kim and Kwi Young Kang have no competing interests to declare.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

All participants gave informed consent before being included in this study. This study did not need ethical approval of our Institutional Review Board, since the survey data examined were publicly available.

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Kim, I.J., Kang, K.Y. Low Skeletal Muscle Mass is Associated with the Risk of Low Bone Mineral Density in Urban Dwelling Premenopausal Women. Calcif Tissue Int 101, 581–592 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-017-0314-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-017-0314-z

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