Abstract
Perceiving the sensory consequences of one’s own actions is essential to successfully interact with the environment. Previous studies compared self- (active) and externally generated (passive) movements to investigate the processing of voluntary action–outcomes. Increased temporal binding (intentional binding) as well as increased detection of delays between action and outcome have been observed for active compared to passive movements. Using transcranial direct stimulation (tDCS) it has been shown that left hemispheric anodal stimulation decreased the intentional binding effect. However, whether the left hemisphere contributes to delay detection performance between action and outcome is unknown. We investigated polarization-dependent effects of left and right frontoparietal tDCS on detecting temporal action–outcome discrepancies. We applied anodal and cathodal stimulation to frontal (F3/F4), parietal (CP3/CP4) and frontoparietal (F3/CP4) areas. After stimulation, participants were presented with visual feedback with various delays after a key press. They had to report whether they detected a delay between the key press and the feedback. In half of the trials the key press was self-initiated, in the other half it was externally generated. A main effect of electrode location indicated highest detection performance after frontal stimulation. Furthermore, we found that the advantage for active versus passive conditions was larger for left hemispheric anodal stimulation as compared to cathodal stimulation. Whereas the frontal cortex is related to delay detection performance in general, hemispheric differences seem to support the differentiation of self-initiated versus externally generated movement consequences.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Caro Wittke, Christina Schmitter and Leona Hömberg for their help with the data collection. Raw data are available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.836473.
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This work was supported by a research Grant from the University Medical Centre Giessen and Marburg (UKGM; Project Number 25/2015MR) and the German Research Foundation (SFB/TRR 135, Project A3, A5). Benjamin Straube is supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG; Project Numbers STR 1146/8-1 and STR 1146/9-1).
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The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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The study was approved by the local ethics committee of the medical faculty of the Philipps-University Marburg, Germany (https://www.uni-marburg.de/fb20/ethikkommission; registration number: 191/12).
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Straube, B., Schülke, R., Drewing, K. et al. Hemispheric differences in the processing of visual consequences of active vs. passive movements: a transcranial direct current stimulation study. Exp Brain Res 235, 3207–3216 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-017-5053-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-017-5053-x