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Stroke-induced synergistic phase shifting and its possible implications for recovery mechanisms

Experimental Brain Research volume 232, pages 3489–3499 (2014)Cite this article

Abstract

Among other diminished motor capabilities, survivors of a stroke often exhibit pathological joint synergies. With respect to the upper limbs, these deficits diminish coordination in reaching, pointing, and daily task performance. Past research on pathological synergies suggests that the synergistic relationship between joints is different for flexion than in extension. One explanation for different flexion and extension synergies is that there exists a time difference between the joint being volitionally moved and the joint that moves in synergy. The goal of this research was to measure these synergistic time differences. The experiment included 11 hemiparetic subjects who performed rhythmic elbow motions at five different frequencies. A motion capture system was used to record the resulting shoulder synergies. Synergistic shoulder rotations were found to exhibit frequency-dependent phase lags (delays) and leads (advances) in the paretic arm. Furthermore, the synergistic leads and lags varied with frequency and were subject specific. We found that timing differences between joints in pathological movements are comparable to differences that were observed by other researchers for normal, able-bodied movement synergies. Moreover, the fact that pathological synergies were evident in rhythmic motion suggests that they are spinal in origin. A significant amount research exists relating to able-bodied spinal synergies. Thus, the supposition that pathological synergies are an expression of normal synergies would tie disabled movement into a larger body of work related to able-bodied synergies. The rehabilitation implications of this possible connection are discussed.

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Acknowledgments

Foremost, we would like to thank all of the stroke survivors for their altruistic participation. Also appreciated is Professor Gabriel Elkaim of UCSC for his suggestions on the experimental design.

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Affiliations

  1. California State University, Chico, Chico, CA, USA

    Matt Simkins

  2. SensoMotor Neurological Rehabilitation, LLC, Sunnyvale, CA, USA

    Anne Burleigh Jacobs

  3. University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Nancy Byl

  4. University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA

    Jacob Rosen

Authors
  1. Matt Simkins
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  2. Anne Burleigh Jacobs
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  3. Nancy Byl
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  4. Jacob Rosen
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Correspondence to Matt Simkins.

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Simkins, M., Jacobs, A.B., Byl, N. et al. Stroke-induced synergistic phase shifting and its possible implications for recovery mechanisms. Exp Brain Res 232, 3489–3499 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-014-4035-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-014-4035-5

Keywords

  • Stroke
  • Phase
  • Central pattern generator
  • Motor learning
  • Synergy
  • Rhythmic