Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Cutaneous silent period in human FDI motor units

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Experimental Brain Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this study, we aimed to use both the probability-based and the frequency-based analyses methods simultaneously to examine cutaneous silent period (CSP) induced by strong electrical currents. Subjects were asked to contract their first dorsal interosseus muscles so that one motor unit monitored via intramuscular wire electrodes discharged at a rate of approximately 8 Hz. Strong electrical stimuli were delivered to the back of the hand that created a subjective discomfort level of between 4 and 7 [0–10 visual analogue scale] and induced cutaneous silent period in all units. It was found that the duration of the CSP was significantly longer when the same data were analysed using frequency-based analysis method compared with the probability-based methods. Frequency-based analysis indicated that the strong electrical stimuli induce longer lasting inhibitory currents than what was indicated using the probability-based analyses such as surface electromyogram and peristimulus time histogram. Usage of frequency-based analysis for bringing out the synaptic activity underlying CSP seems essential as its characteristics have been subject to a large number of studies in experimental and clinical settings.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ashby P, Zilm D (1978) Synaptic connections to individual tibialis anterior motoneurones in man. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 41:684–689

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Awiszus F (1988) Continuous functions determined by spike trains of a neuron subject to stimulation. Biol Cybern 58:321–327

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baken BCM, Dietz V, Duysen J (2005) Phase-dependent modulation of short latency cutaneous reflexes during walking in man. Brain Res 1031:268–275

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bessou P, Laporte Y, Pages B (1968) A method of analysing the responses of spindle primary endings to fusimotor stimulation. J Physiol 196:37–45

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brinkworth RS, Türker KS (2003) A method for quantifying reflex responses from intra-muscular and surface electromyogram. J Neurosci Methods 122:179–193

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deriu F, Tolu E, Rothwell JC (2005) A sound-evoked vestibulomasseteric reflex in healthy humans. J Neurophysiol 93:2739–2751

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellaway PH (1978) Cumulative sum technique and its application to the analysis of peristimulus time histograms. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 45:302–304

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fetz EE, Gustafsson B (1983) Relation between shapes of post-synaptic potentials and changes in firing probability of cat motoneurones. J Physiol 341:387–410

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Floeter MK (2003) Cutaneous silent periods. Muscle Nerve 28:391–401

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Floeter MK, Gerloff C, Kouri J, Hallett M (1998) Cutaneous withdrawal reflexes of the upper extremity. Muscle Nerve 21:591–598

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garnett R, Stephens JA (1980) The reflex responses of single motor units in human first dorsal interosseous muscle following cutaneous afferent stimulation. J Physiol 303:351–364

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garnett R, Stephens JA (1981) Changes in the recruitment threshold of motor units produced by cutaneous stimulation in man. J Physiol 311:463–473

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Inghilleri M, Cruccu G, Argenta M, Polidori L, Manfredi M (1997) Silent period in upper limb muscles after noxious cutaneous stimulation in man. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 105:109–115

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Inghilleri M, Conte A, Frasca V, Berardelli A, Manfredi M, Cruccu G (2002) Is the cutaneous silent period an opiate-sensitive nociceptive reflex? Muscle Nerve 25:695–699

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kofler M (2003) Functional organization of exteroceptive inhibition following nociceptive electrical fingertip stimulation in humans. Clin Neurophysiol 114:973–980

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kofler M, Poustka K (2005) Ipsi- and contralateral exteroceptive EMG modulation in uni- and bilaterally activated thenar muscles. Clin Neurophysiol 116:300–307

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kofler M, Kronenberg MF, Brenneis C, Felber A, Saltuari L (2003) Cutaneous silent periods in intramedullary spinal cord lesions. J Neurol Sci 216:67–79

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kofler M, Kumru H, Stetkarova I, Schindler C, Fuhr P (2007) Muscle force up to 50% of maximum does not affect cutaneous silent periods in thenar muscles. Clin Neurophysiol 118:2025–2030

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kranz H, Adorjani C, Baumgartner G (1973) The effect of nociceptive cutaneous stimuli on human motoneurons. Brain 96:571–590

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumru H, Opisso E, Valls-Sole J, Kofler M (2009) The effect of a prepulse stimulus on the EMG rebound following the cutaneous silent period. J Physiol 587:587–595

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leis AA (1998) Cutaneous silent period. Muscle Nerve 21:1243–1245

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leis AA, Stokic DS, Fuhr P, Kofler M, Kronenberg MF, Wissel J, Glocker FX, Seifert C, Stetkarova I (2000) Nociceptive fingertip stimulation inhibits synergistic motoneuron pools in the human upper limb. Neurology 55:1305–1309

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moore GP, Segundo JP, Perkel DH, Levitan H (1970) Statistical signs of synaptic interaction in neurons. Biophys J 10:876–900

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norton JA, Bennett DJ, Knash ME, Murray KC, Gorassini MA (2008) Changes in sensory-evoked synaptic activation of motoneurons after spinal cord injury in man. Brain 131:1478–1491

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okdeh AM, Lyons MF, Cadden SW (1999) The study of jaw reflexes evoked by electrical stimulation of the lip: the importance of stimulus intensity and polarity. J Oral Rehabil 26:479–487

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen NT, Taylor JL, Gandevia SC (2002) The effect of electrical stimulation of the corticospinal tract on motor units of the human biceps brachii. J Physiol 544:277–284

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Plaghki L, Mouraux A (2005) EEG and laser stimulation as tools for pain research. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 6:58–64

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Powers RK, Robinson FR, Konodi MA, Binder MD (1992) Effective synaptic current can be estimated from measurements of neuronal discharge. J Neurophysiol 68:964–968

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prasartwuth O, Binboga E, Türker KS (2008) A study of synaptic connection between low threshold afferent fibres in common peroneal nerve and motoneurones in human tibialis anterior. Exp Brain Res 191:465–472

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Romaniello A, Truini A, Galeotti F, De Lena C, Willer JC, Cruccu G (2004) Cutaneous silent period in hand muscle is evoked by laser stimulation of the palm, but not the hand dorsum. Muscle Nerve 29:870–872

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Serrao M, Parisi L, Valente G, Martini A, Fattapposta F, Pierelli F, Rossi P (2002) L-Dopa decreases cutaneous nociceptive inhibition of motor activity in Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neurol Scand 105:196–201

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shefner JM, Logigian EL (1993) Relationship between stimulus strength and the cutaneous silent period. Muscle Nerve 16:278–282

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Staahl C, Drewes AM (2004) Experimental human pain models: a review of standardised methods for preclinical testing of analgesics. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 95:97–111

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Svilpauskaite J, Truffert A, Vaiciene N, Magistris MR (2006) Cutaneous silent period in carpal tunnel syndrome. Muscle Nerve 33:487–493

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Türker KS, Cheng HB (1994) Motor-unit firing frequency can be used for the estimation of synaptic potentials in human motoneurones. J Neurosci Methods 53:225–234

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Türker KS, Powers RK (1999) Effects of large excitatory and inhibitory inputs on motoneuron discharge rate and probability. J Neurophysiol 82:829–840

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Türker KS, Powers RK (2003) Estimation of postsynaptic potentials in rat hypoglossal motoneurones: insights for human work. J Physiol 551:419–431

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Türker KS, Powers RK (2005) Black box revisited: a technique for estimating postsynaptic potentials in neurons. Trends Neurosci 28:379–386

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Türker KS, Miles TS, Le TH (1988) The lip-clip: a simple, low-impedance ground electrode for use in human electro-physiology. Brain Res Bull 21:139–141

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Türker KS, Yang J, Brodin P (1997a) Conditions for excitatory or inhibitory masseteric reflexes elicited by tooth pressure in man. Arch Oral Biol 42:121–128

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Türker KS, Yang J, Scutter S (1997b) Tendon tap induces a single long lasting excitatory reflex in the motoneurons of human soleus muscle. Exp Brain Res 115:169–173

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uncini A, Kujirai T, Gluck B, Pullman S (1991) Silent period induced by cutaneous stimulation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 81:344–352

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ushiba J, Kagamihara Y, Masakado Y (2003) Reassessment of parameters for applying motor-unit triggered stimuli in peri-stimulus time histograms. Brain Res 990:8–19

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study is supported by the Marie Curie Chair project (GenderReflex; MEX-CT-2006-040317) and Turkish Scientific and Technological Research Organization (TUBITAK-107S029-SBAG-3556). We wish to thank Professor Gürbüz Çelebi for reading the first draft and advice.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kemal S. Türker.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kahya, M.C., Utku Yavuz, Ş. & Türker, K.S. Cutaneous silent period in human FDI motor units. Exp Brain Res 205, 455–463 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-010-2380-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-010-2380-6

Keywords

Navigation