Skip to main content
Log in

The precision of locomotor odometry in humans

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Experimental Brain Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Two experiments measured the human ability to reproduce locomotor distances of 4.6–100 m without visual feedback and compared distance production with time production. Subjects were not permitted to count steps. It was found that the precision of human odometry follows Weber’s law that variability is proportional to distance. The coefficients of variation for distance production were much lower than those measured for time production for similar durations. Gait parameters recorded during the task (average step length and step frequency) were found to be even less variable suggesting that step integration could be the basis for non-visual human odometry.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Andre J, Rogers S (2006) Using verbal and blind-walking distance estimates to investigate the two visual systems hypothesis. Percept Psychophys 68:353–361

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berthoz A, Israël I, Georges-Francois P, Grasso R, Tsuzuku T (1995) Spatial memory of body linear displacement: what is being stored? Science 269:95–98

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng K, Srinivasan MV, Zhang SW (1997) Error is proportional to distance measured by honeybees: Weber’s law in the odometer. Anim Cogn 2:11–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durgin FH, Gigone K (2007) Enhanced optic flow speed discrimination while walking: contextual tuning of visual coding. Perception 36:1465–1475

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Durgin FH, Fox LF, Kim DH (2003) Not letting the left leg know what the right leg is doing: limb-specific locomotor adaptation to sensory-cue conflict. Psychol Sci 14:567–572

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Durgin FH, Gigone K, Scott R (2005a) The perception of visual speed while moving. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 31:339–353

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Durgin FH, Pelah A, Fox LF, Lewis J, Kane R, Walley KA (2005b) Self-motion perception during locomotor recalibration: more than meets the eye. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 31:398–419

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Durgin FH, Reed C, Tigue C (2007) Step frequency and perceived self-motion. ACM: Trans Appl Percept 4(1) http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1227134.1227139

  • Ellard CG, Wagar LS (2008) Plasticity of the association between visual space and action space in a blind-walking task. Perception 37:1044–1053

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gallistel CR (1980a) From muscles to motivation. Am Sci 68(4):398–409

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gallistel CR (1980b) The organization of action: a new synthesis. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hilladale

    Google Scholar 

  • Glasauer S, Schneider E, Grasso R, Ivaneko YP (2007) Space-time relativity in self-motion reproduction. J Neurophysiol 97:451–461

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Israël I, Berthoz A (1989) Contribution of the otoliths to the calculation of linear displacement. J Neurophysiol 62:247–263

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Israël I, Grasso R, Georges-François P, Tsuzuki T, Berthoz A (1997) Spatial memory and path integration studied by self-driven passive linear displacement I: basic properties. J Neurophysiol 77:3180–3192

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lappe M, Jenkins M, Harris LR (2007) Travel distance estimation from visual motion by leaky path integration. Exp Brain Res 180:35–48

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loomis JM, Da Silva JA, Fujita N, Fukusima SS (1992) Visual space perception and visually directed action. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 18:906–921

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loomis JM, Klatzky RL, Golledge RG, Cicinelli JG, Pellegrino JW, Fry PA (1993) Nonvisual navigation by blind and sighted: assessment of path integration ability. J Exp Psychol Gen 122:73–91

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mittelstaedt M-L, Mittelstaedt H (2001) Idiothetic navigation in humans: estimations of path length. Exp Brain Res 139:318–332

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rakitin BC, Gibbon J, Penney TB, Malapani C, Hinton SC, Meck WH (1998) Scalar expectancy theory and peak-interval timing in humans. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process 24:15–33

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rieser JJ, Ashmead DH, Talor CR, Youngquist GA (1990) Visual perception and the guidance of locomotion without vision to previously seen targets. Perception 19:675–689

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rieser JJ, Pick HL Jr, Ashmead DH, Garing AE (1995) Calibration of human locomotion and models of perceptual-motor organization. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 21:480–497

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sekiya N, Nagasaki H, Ito H, Furuna T (1996) The invariant relationship between step length and step rate during free walking. J Hum Movement Stud 30:241–257

    Google Scholar 

  • Steenhuis RE, Goodale MA (1988) The effects of time and distance on accuracy of target-directed locomotion: does an accurate short-term memory for spatial location exist? J Mot Behav 20:399–415

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomson JA (1983) Is continuous visual monitoring necessary in visually guided locomotion? J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 9:427–443

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wittlinger M, Wehner R, Wolf H (2006) The ant odometer: stepping on stilts and stumps. Science 312:1965–1967

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wohlgemuth S, Ronacher B, Wehner R (2001) Ant odometry in the third dimension. Nature 411:795–798

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Mikio Akagi was supported by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Research supported by a Swarthmore College Faculty Research Grant and Lang Sabbatical Award to FHD.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Frank H. Durgin.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Durgin, F.H., Akagi, M., Gallistel, C.R. et al. The precision of locomotor odometry in humans. Exp Brain Res 193, 429–436 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-008-1640-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-008-1640-1

Keywords

Navigation