Abstract
In a typical Simon task responses are faster when the task-irrelevant stimulus location corresponds to the response location than when it does not. In the case of noncorrespondence it is assumed that externally triggered and internally selected responses are in conflict. Crucially, such conflict appears to be subject to contextual modulations as induced by the immediately preceding event, i.e., the Simon effect was found to be absent when a conflict trial preceded the current event (Stürmer et al. 2002, JEP:HPP). Here, we examined two possible accounts of this context effect in terms of early suppression of externally triggered S-R coding at a premotoric level versus late suppression at a motoric level. Lateralized event-related brain potentials (L-ERPs) were recorded in a Simon task and analyzed as a function of the correspondence sequence. L-ERP activity started earliest over occipito-parietal brain areas and revealed location-based S-R priming irrespective of the prior correspondence context. By contrast, when a noncorresponding trial preceded, such location-based priming was absent in L-ERP activity over the motor cortex (MC). Thus, in support of the late suppression view L-ERPs suggest a clear dissociation in function between externally triggered visuomotor functions within the dorsal stream and the MC reflecting context-controlled response activation.
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Notes
It is worth mentioning that an overall reverse Simon effect had been observed with an incongruent mapping, suggesting that task-relevant S-R mapping rules might be applied to task-irrelevant S-R transformations as well (De Jong et al. 1994; Hedge and Marsh 1975; but see Simon et al. 1981). It is not yet completely clear, however, in which way changes in the S-R mapping condition exert modulatory effects on dual-route processing and whether there is a link to short-term contextual effects as induced by the correspondence sequence. The present study can therefore be considered a first attempt to examine this issue.
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Acknowledgements
This research was supported by a grant of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft to Hartmut Leuthold and Werner Sommer (LE 1035/1–2). We appreciate the help of Irina Langenbruch and Ellen Seiß in data acquisition. We thank Thomas Goschke, Werner Sommer, and Rolf Ulrich for helpful comments on an earlier version of this manuscript.
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Appendix
Source models were determined by using Brain Electromagnetic Source Analysis (BESA2000). Symmetry constraints with respect to location and orientation were applied to lateral dipole-pairs in order to limit the number of parameters to be estimated. Source models for L-ERP activity were derived as described in more detail in a study of Praamstra et al. (1996; see also Leuthold and Jentzsch 2001). L-ERPs were projected to one hemisphere and copied to the other hemisphere with polarity inverted. This procedure resulted in an anti-symmetric scalp distribution of L-ERP activity (cf. Praamstra et al. 1996).
First, we fitted separate source models for the initial parieto-temporal L-ERP activity of grand-average (across subjects) stimulus-locked waveforms of corresponding and noncorresponding conditions. That is, one dipole pair was fitted in an interval between 150–200 ms relative to stimulus onset, when initial L-ERP activity was fully developed. For both conditions the resulting dipole model was located in occipito-parietal regions and accounted for more than 97% of the variance in this 50-ms time interval. Next, we derived the dipole model for the movement-related lateralization in response-locked grand-averages. To this end, an additional dipole was added to the earlier model, which was fitted in a time interval from −200 to −50 ms prior to response onset (cf. Leuthold and Jentzsch 2001). The resulting two-dipole model accounted for 98.8% of the variance in this 150-ms time interval with Dipole 2 taken to reflect MC activity (cf. Leuthold and Jentzsch 2002). We applied this model to original stimulus-locked L-ERP data from noncorresponding conditions preceded by either a corresponding or noncorresponding trialN-1; the model accounted for more than 95% of the data variance between 150–350 ms after stimulus onset. It was clearly apparent that activity within the occipito-parietal source (Dipole 1) resembled initial L-ERP activity starting about 125 ms after stimulus onset. Importantly, the MC source perfectly reflected later location-based MC activation, as indicated by the dip into the incorrect direction peaking at around 240 ms, as well as later activity related to the execution of the correct response (see Fig. 4).
We also conducted forward simulations where location of Dipole 1 was systematically varied and the resulting L-ERP topographies were compared with the original L-ERP distributions. For example, we positioned dipoles in the occipito-temporal region like Oostenveld et al. (2001) in their forward simulation of N2pc sources. Critically, these additional forward solutions revealed simulated L-ERP topographies that did produce as good an explanation (in terms of residual variance) of original L-ERP data as the above source model. Dipoles located in the occipito-temporal lobe, i.e., the ventral processing stream (cf. Milner and Goodale 1995), produced asymmetric sensory activity over lateral motor cortices of about 20–30% of the maximal amplitude measured over occipito-parietal sites. This particular finding agrees with earlier reports in the simulation study of Oostenveld et al. (2001). Most importantly, however, the present L-ERP data revealed activation recorded over occipito-parietal sites that did not propagate to MC electrodes.
Of course, conclusions from present source localization results about the neural origin of the initial L-ERP waveform over occipito-parietal recording sites should be taken tentatively until high-density L-ERP studies are available. Such studies will help to provide a clearer picture about the topography of occipito-parietal L-ERP waveforms, thereby also allowing an improved estimation of the underlying neural sources.
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Stürmer, B., Leuthold, H. Control over response priming in visuomotor processing: a lateralized event-related potential study. Exp Brain Res 153, 35–44 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-003-1579-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-003-1579-1