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Comparison of direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry, atmospheric solids analysis probe–mass spectrometry, and ion mobility spectrometry for ensuring food safety by rapid screening of poppy seeds

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Abstract

The opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) is a global commercial crop that has been historically valued for both medicinal and culinary purposes. Naturally occurring opium alkaloids including morphine, codeine, thebaine, noscapine, and papaverine are found primarily in the latex produced by the plant. If the plant is allowed to fully mature, poppy seeds that do not contain the opium alkaloids will form within the pods and may be used in the food industry. It is possible for the seeds to become contaminated with alkaloids by the latex during harvesting, posing a potential health risk for consumers. In the USA, there have been more than 600 reported adverse events including 19 fatalities that may be linked to the consumption of a contaminated poppy-containing product such as home-brewed poppy seed tea. Unwashed poppy seeds and pods may be purchased over the Internet and shipped worldwide. The Forensic Chemistry Center, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has evaluated several mass spectrometers (MS) capable of rapid screening to be used for high-throughput analysis of samples such as poppy seeds. These include a direct analysis in real-time (DART) ambient ionization source coupled to a single-quadrupole MS, an atmospheric solids analysis probe (ASAP) ionization source coupled to the same MS, and ion mobility spectrometers (IMS). These instruments have been used to analyze 17 poppy seed samples for the presence of alkaloids, and the results were compared to data obtained using liquid chromatography with mass spectral detection (LC–MS/MS). Results from the 17 poppy seed samples indicate that the DART-MS, ASAP-MS, and IMS devices detect many of the same alkaloids confirmed during the LC–MS/MS analyses, although both the false-positive and false-negative rates are higher, possibly due to the non-homogeneity of the samples and the lack of chromatographic separation.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Skyler Smith, Dr. Catherine Dasenbrock, and Mr. Jonathan Litzau for helpful discussions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Food and Drug Administration/Office of Regulatory Affairs/Office of Regulatory Science/Forensic Chemistry Center, 6751 Steger Drive, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA

    Sara E. Kern, Sarah E. Voelker, Lisa M. Lorenz, Rachel D. Dicken, Megan E. Sterling, Angie S. Mohrhaus & Valerie M. Toomey

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  1. Sara E. Kern
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  2. Sarah E. Voelker
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  3. Lisa M. Lorenz
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  7. Valerie M. Toomey
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Correspondence to Sara E. Kern.

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The contents of this manuscript are the author’s opinions and should not be considered as opinions or policy of the US FDA. The mention of trade names and manufacturers is for technical accuracy and should not be considered as endorsement of a specific product or manufacturer.

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Published in the topical collection Food Safety Analysis 2.0 with guest editor Steven J. Lehotay.

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Kern, S.E., Voelker, S.E., Lorenz, L.M. et al. Comparison of direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry, atmospheric solids analysis probe–mass spectrometry, and ion mobility spectrometry for ensuring food safety by rapid screening of poppy seeds. Anal Bioanal Chem 416, 827–837 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-023-05042-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-023-05042-6

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