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Immobilized glucose oxidase on hierarchically porous COFs and integrated nanozymes: a cascade reaction strategy for ratiometric fluorescence sensors

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Abstract

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with uniform porosity, good stability, and desired biocompatibility can function as carriers of immobilized enzymes. However, the obstructed pores or partially obstructed pores have hindered their applicability after loading enzymes. In this study, the hierarchical COFs were prepared as an ideal support to immobilize glucose oxidase (GOD) and obtain GOD@COF. The hierarchical porosity and porous structures of COFs provided sufficient sites to immobilize GOD and increased the rate of diffusion of substrate and product. Moreover, N,Fe-doped carbon dots (N,Fe-CDs) with peroxidase-like activity were introduced to combine with GOD@COF to construct an enzyme-mediated cascade reaction, which is the basis of the sensor GOD@COF/N,Fe-CDs. The sensor has been successfully built and applied to detect glucose. The limit of detection was 0.59 μM for determining glucose with the proposed fluorescence sensor. The practicability was illustrated by detecting glucose in human serum and saliva samples with satisfactory recoveries. The proposed sensor provided a novel strategy that introduced COF-immobilized enzymes for cascade reactions in biosensing and clinical diagnosis.

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Funding

This work has been supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BE2019717).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China

    Tingting Li, Donglian Deng, Dongdong Tan, Siqi Chen, Yibing Ji & Ruijun Li

  2. Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China

    Tingting Li, Donglian Deng, Dongdong Tan, Siqi Chen, Yibing Ji & Ruijun Li

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  1. Tingting Li
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  2. Donglian Deng
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  4. Siqi Chen
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Contributions

TL: methodology, conceptualization, writing—original draft. DD: formal analysis, verification. DDT: validation. SC: validation. YJ: supervision, funding acquisition, writing—review and editing. RL: supervision, funding acquisition, writing—review and editing.

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Correspondence to Yibing Ji or Ruijun Li.

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The serum and saliva samples were collected at Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital and China Pharmaceutical University and informed consents were obtained. The research was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of China Pharmaceutical University, and all experiments were performed in accordance with the guidelines and ethical standards of the institution.

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Li, T., Deng, D., Tan, D. et al. Immobilized glucose oxidase on hierarchically porous COFs and integrated nanozymes: a cascade reaction strategy for ratiometric fluorescence sensors. Anal Bioanal Chem 414, 6247–6257 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-022-04197-y

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