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Using an insulating fiber as the sampling probe and ionization substrate for ambient ionization–mass spectrometric analysis of volatile, semi-volatile, and polar analytes

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Abstract

A sharp metal needle used as the ionization emitter in conventional atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mass spectrometry (MS) is usually required for analyte ionization through corona discharge (i.e., gas discharge). Nevertheless, we herein demonstrate that an insulating fiber (tip diameter: 10–60 µm; length: ~ 1 cm) made of glass or bamboo can function as an APCI-like ionization emitter. Although no direct electric contact is made on the fiber, the ionization of volatiles and semi-volatiles occurs when the fiber is placed close (~ 1 mm) to the inlet of the mass spectrometer. No analyte ion signals can be observed without placing the insulating fiber in front of the mass spectrometer. The generation of ion species mainly relies on the electric field provided by the mass spectrometer. Presumably, owing to the high electric field provided by the mass spectrometer, the dielectric breakdown voltages of gas molecules in the air and the fiber are overcome, leading to the ionization of analytes in gas phase. In addition, the insulating fiber can function as a holder for sample solutions. Electrospray ionization–like processes derived from polar analytes such as amino acids, peptides, and proteins can readily occur when the insulating fiber deposited with a sample droplet is placed close to the inlet of the mass spectrometer. The feasibility of using the current approach for the detection of nonpolar and polar analytes from complex fetal bovine serum samples without tedious sample pretreatment is demonstrated in this work. The main advantage of using the suggested fiber is that the fiber can be used as the sampling probe to pick up samples and placed in front of a mass spectrometer for direct MS analysis. The application of using a robust, insulating, and disposable probe to pick up samples from real samples such as onion, honey, and pork samples followed by direct MS analysis is also demonstrated.

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Funding

We received financial support from the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan (MOST 108–2113-M-009–018-MY3). MOST provided KS postdoctoral fellowship.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan

    Karuppuchamy Selvaprakash & Yu-Chie Chen

  2. Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan

    Karuppuchamy Selvaprakash & Yu-Chie Chen

  3. International College of Semiconductor Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan

    Yu-Chie Chen

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  1. Karuppuchamy Selvaprakash
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Selvaprakash, K., Chen, YC. Using an insulating fiber as the sampling probe and ionization substrate for ambient ionization–mass spectrometric analysis of volatile, semi-volatile, and polar analytes. Anal Bioanal Chem 414, 4633–4643 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-022-04080-w

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-022-04080-w

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