Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Automated analysis of microplastics based on vibrational spectroscopy: are we measuring the same metrics?

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry volume 414, pages 3359–3372 (2022)Cite this article

Abstract

The traditional manual analysis of microplastics has been criticized for its labor-intensive, inaccurate identification of small microplastics, and the lack of uniformity. There are already three automated analysis strategies for microplastics based on vibrational spectroscopy: laser direct infrared (LDIR)–based particle analysis, Raman-based particle analysis, and focal plane array-Fourier transform infrared (FPA-FTIR) imaging. We compared their performances in terms of quantification, detection limit, size measurement, and material identification accuracy and speed by analyzing the same standard and environmental samples. LDIR-based particle analysis provides the fastest analysis speed, but potentially questionable material identification and quantification results. The number of particles smaller than 60 μm recognized by LDIR-based particle analysis is much less than that recognized by Raman-based particle analysis. Misidentification could occur due to the narrow tuning range from 1800 to 975 cm−1 and dispersive artifact distortion of infrared spectra collected in reflection mode. Raman-based particle analysis has a submicrometer detection limit but should be cautiously used in the automated analysis of microplastics in environmental samples because of the strong fluorescence interference. FPA-FTIR imaging provides relatively reliable quantification and material identification for microplastics in environmental samples greater than 20 μm but might provide an imprecise description of the particle shapes. Optical photothermal infrared (O-PTIR) spectroscopy can detect submicron-sized environmental microplastics (0.5–5 μm) intermingled with a substantial amount of biological matrix; the resulting spectra are searchable in infrared databases without the influence of fluorescence interference, but the process would need to be fully automated.

Graphical abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

USD 39.95

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Data availability

The authors declare that all the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article. Further information and requests for samples and resources should be directed to and will be fulfilled by the Lead Contact, Mingtan Dong (hegu@cug.edu.cn).

References

  1. Lim X. Microplastics are everywhere - but are they harmful? Nature. 2021;593(7857):22–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-01143-3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Bergmann M, Mützel S, Primpke S, Tekman MB, Trachsel J, Gerdts G. White and wonderful microplastics prevail in snow from the Alps to the Arctic. Sci Adv. 2019;5:10. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax1157.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Fred-Ahmadu OH, Bhagwat G, Oluyoye I, Benson NU, Ayejuyo OO, Palanisami T. Interaction of chemical contaminants with microplastics: principles and perspectives. Sci Total Environ. 2020;706:135978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135978.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Prata JC, da Costa JP, Duarte AC, Rocha-Santos T. Methods for sampling and detection of microplastics in water and sediment: a critical review. TrAC Trends Anal Chem. 2019;110:150–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2018.10.029.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Lenz R, Enders K, Stedmon CA, Mackenzie DMA, Nielsen TG. A critical assessment of visual identification of marine microplastic using Raman spectroscopy for analysis improvement. Mar Pollut Bull. 2015;100(1):82–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.026.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Hitchcock JN, Mitrovic SM. Microplastic pollution in estuaries across a gradient of human impact. Environ Pollut. 2019;247:457–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.069.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Lenaker PL, Baldwin AK, Corsi SR, Mason SA, Reneau PC, Scott JW. Vertical distribution of microplastics in the water column and surficial sediment from the Milwaukee River Basin to Lake Michigan. Environ Sci Technol. 2019;53(21):12227–37. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b03850.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Löder MGJ, Gerdts G. Methodology used for the detection and identification of microplastics—a critical appraisal. In: Marine Anthropogenic Litter; 2015. p. 201–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3_8.

  9. Chae Y, Kim D, An YJ. Effects of micro-sized polyethylene spheres on the marine microalga Dunaliella salina: focusing on the algal cell to plastic particle size ratio. Aquat Toxicol. 2019;216:105296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105296.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Zarfl C. Promising techniques and open challenges for microplastic identification and quantification in environmental matrices. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2019;411(17):3743–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-019-01763-9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Schymanski D, Ossmann BE, Benismail N, Boukerma K, Dallmann G, von der Esch E, Fischer D, Fischer F, Gilliland D, Glas K, Hofmann T, Kappler A, Lacorte S, Marco J, Rakwe ME, Weisser J, Witzig C, Zumbulte N, Ivleva NP. Analysis of microplastics in drinking water and other clean water samples with micro-Raman and micro-infrared spectroscopy: minimum requirements and best practice guidelines. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-021-03498-y.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Primpke S, Christiansen SH, Cowger W, De Frond H, Deshpande A, Fischer M, Holland EB, Meyns M, O’Donnell BA, Ossmann BE, Pittroff M, Sarau G, Scholz-Böttcher BM, Wiggin KJ. Critical assessment of analytical methods for the harmonized and cost-efficient analysis of microplastics. Appl Spectrosc. 2020;74(9):1012–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003702820921465.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Li Q, Zeng A, Jiang X, Gu X. Are microplastics correlated to phthalates in facility agriculture soil? J Hazard Mater. 2021;412:125164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125164.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Ossmann BE, Sarau G, Schmitt SW, Holtmannspotter H, Christiansen SH, Dicke W. Development of an optimal filter substrate for the identification of small microplastic particles in food by micro-Raman spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2017;409(16):4099–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-017-0358-y.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. da Silva VH, Murphy F, Amigo JM, Stedmon C, Strand J. Classification and quantification of microplastics (< 100 mu m) using a focal plane array-Fourier transform infrared imaging system and machine learning. Anal Chem. 2020;92(20):13724–33. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01324.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Tagg AS, Sapp M, Harrison JP, Ojeda JJ. Identification and quantification of microplastics in wastewater using focal plane array-based reflectance micro-FT-IR imaging. Anal Chem. 2015;87(12):6032–40. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00495.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Primpke S, Godejohann M, Gerdts G. Rapid identification and quantification of microplastics in the environment by quantum cascade laser-based hyperspectral infrared chemical imaging. Environ Sci Technol. 2020;54(24):15893–903. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c05722.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kappler A, Fischer D, Oberbeckmann S, Schernewski G, Labrenz M, Eichhorn KJ, Voit B. Analysis of environmental microplastics by vibrational microspectroscopy: FTIR, Raman or both? Anal Bioanal Chem. 2016;408(29):8377–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-016-9956-3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Sobhani Z, Zhang X, Gibson C, Naidu R, Megharaj M, Fang C. Identification and visualisation of microplastics/nanoplastics by Raman imaging (i): down to 100 nm. Water Research. 2020; 174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.115658.

  20. Cowger W, Booth AM, Hamilton BM, Thaysen C, Primpke S, Munno K, Lusher AL, Dehaut A, Vaz VP, Liboiron M, Devriese LI, Hermabessiere L, Rochman C, Athey SN, Lynch JM, De Frond H, Gray A, Jones OAH, Brander S, Steele C, Moore S, Sanchez A, Nel H. Reporting guidelines to increase the reproducibility and comparability of research on microplastics. Appl Spectrosc. 2020; 3702820930292. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003702820930292.

  21. Hartmann NB, Huffer T, Thompson RC, Hassellov M, Verschoor A, Daugaard AE, Rist S, Karlsson T, Brennholt N, Cole M, Herrling MP, Hess MC, Ivleva NP, Lusher AL, Wagner M. Are we speaking the same language? Recommendations for a definition and categorization framework for plastic debris. Environ Sci Technol. 2019;53(3):1039–47. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b05297.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Cabernard L, Roscher L, Lorenz C, Gerdts G, Primpke S. Comparison of Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for the quantification of microplastics in the aquatic environment. Environ Sci Technol. 2018;52(22):13279–88. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b03438.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Hale RC, Seeley ME, La Guardia MJ, Mai L, Zeng EY. A global perspective on microplastics. J Geophys Res Oceans. 2020; 125 (1). https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jc014719.

  24. Olson NE, Xiao Y, Lei Z, Ault AP. Simultaneous optical photothermal infrared (O-PTIR) and Raman spectroscopy of submicrometer atmospheric particles. Anal Chem. 2020;92(14):9932–9. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01495.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Dong M, Zhang Q, Xing X, Chen W, She Z, Luo Z. Raman spectra and surface changes of microplastics weathered under natural environments. Sci Total Environ. 2020;739:139990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139990.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Anger PM, von der Esch E, Baumann T, Elsner M, Niessner R, Ivleva NP. Raman microspectroscopy as a tool for microplastic particle analysis. TrAC Trends Anal Chem. 2018;109:214–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2018.10.010.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Löder MGJ, Kuczera M, Mintenig S, Lorenz C, Gerdts G. Focal plane array detector-based micro-Fourier-transform infrared imaging for the analysis of microplastics in environmental samples. Environ Chem. 2015; 12 (5). https://doi.org/10.1071/en14205.

  28. Simon M, van Alst N, Vollertsen J. Quantification of microplastic mass and removal rates at wastewater treatment plants applying Focal Plane Array (FPA)-based Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) imaging. Water Res. 2018;142:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.05.019.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Wander L, Vianello A, Vollertsen J, Westad F, Braun U, Paul A. Exploratory analysis of hyperspectral FTIR data obtained from environmental microplastics samples. Anal Methods. 2020;12(6):781–91. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ay02483b.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Hufnagl B, Steiner D, Renner E, Löder MGJ, Laforsch C, Lohninger H. A methodology for the fast identification and monitoring of microplastics in environmental samples using random decision forest classifiers. Anal Methods. 2019;11(17):2277–85. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ay00252a.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Primpke S, Cross RK, Mintenig SM, Simon M, Vianello A, Gerdts G, Vollertsen J. Toward the systematic identification of microplastics in the environment: evaluation of a new independent software tool (siMPle) for spectroscopic analysis. Appl Spectrosc. 2020;74(9):1127–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003702820917760.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Hufnagl B, Stibi M, Martirosyan H, Wilczek U, Möller JN, Löder MGJ, Laforsch C, Lohninger H. Computer-assisted analysis of microplastics in environmental samples based on μFTIR imaging in combination with machine learning. Environ Sci Technol Lett. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00851.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Reffner JA. Advances in infrared microspectroscopy and mapping molecular chemical composition at submicrometer spatial resolution. Spectroscopy. 2018;33 (9):12–17

  34. Beltran V, Marchetti A, Nuyts G, Leeuwestein M, Sandt C, Borondics F, De Wael K. Nanoscale analysis of historical paintings by means of O-PTIR spectroscopy: the identification of the organic particles in L’Arlesienne (portrait of Madame Ginoux) by Van Gogh. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202106058.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Li L, Iskander M. Evaluation of dynamic image analysis for characterizing granular soils. Geotech Test J. 2019;43(5):1149–73.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Li L, Zhao X, Li Z, Song K. COVID-19: performance study of microplastic inhalation risk posed by wearing masks. J Hazard Mater. 2021;411:124955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124955.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Scircle A, Cizdziel JV, Tisinger L, Anumol T, Robey D. Occurrence of microplastic pollution at oyster reefs and other coastal sites in the Mississippi Sound, USA: impacts of freshwater inflows from flooding. Toxics. 2020; 8 (2). https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics8020035.

  38. Primpke S, Wirth M, Lorenz C, Gerdts G. Reference database design for the automated analysis of microplastic samples based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2018;410(21):5131–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-018-1156-x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Renner G, Schmidt TC, Schram J. Characterization and quantification of microplastics by infrared spectroscopy. In: Comprehensive analytical chemistry, Elsevier; 2017;75:67–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.coac.2016.10.006.

  40. Bassan P, Lee J, Sachdeva A, Pissardini J, Dorling KM, Fletcher JS, Henderson A, Gardner P. The inherent problem of transflection-mode infrared spectroscopic microscopy and the ramifications for biomedical single point and imaging applications. Analyst. 2013;138(1):144–57. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2an36090j.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Bassan P, Byrne HJ, Bonnier F, Lee J, Dumas P, Gardner P. Resonant Mie scattering in infrared spectroscopy of biological materials–understanding the “dispersion artefact.” Analyst. 2009;134(8):1586–93. https://doi.org/10.1039/b904808a.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Schymanski D, Goldbeck C, Humpf HU, Furst P. Analysis of microplastics in water by micro-Raman spectroscopy: release of plastic particles from different packaging into mineral water. Water Res. 2018;129:154–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.11.011.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Toporski J,  Dieing T, Hollricher O (Eds.). Confocal Raman microscopy (2nd ed.), Springer Series in Surface Sciences (66), Springer International Publishing AG (2018).https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-319-75380-5.pdf.

  44. Kamemoto LE, Misra AK, Sharma SK, Goodman MT, Luk H, Dykes AC, Acosta T. Near-infrared micro-Raman spectroscopy for in vitro detection of cervical cancer. Appl Spectrosc. 2010;64(3):255–61. https://doi.org/10.1366/000370210790918364.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Munno K, De Frond H, O’Donnell B, Rochman CM. Increasing the accessibility for characterizing microplastics: introducing new application-based and spectral libraries of plastic particles (SLoPP and SLoPP-E). Anal Chem. 2020;92(3):2443–51. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03626.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Cowger W, Steinmetz Z, Gray A, Munno K, Lynch J, Hapich H, Primpke S, De Frond H, Rochman C, Herodotou O. Microplastic spectral classification needs an open source community: open Specy to the rescue! Anal Chem. 2021;93(21):7543–8. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00123.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Bassan P, Sachdeva A, Kohler A, Hughes C, Henderson A, Boyle J, Shanks JH, Brown M, Clarke NW, Gardner P. FTIR microscopy of biological cells and tissue: data analysis using resonant Mie scattering (RMieS) EMSC algorithm. Analyst. 2012;137(6):1370–7. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2an16088a.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Imhof HK, Laforsch C, Wiesheu AC, Schmid J, Anger PM, Niessner R, Ivleva NP. Pigments and plastic in limnetic ecosystems: a qualitative and quantitative study on microparticles of different size classes. Water Res. 2016;98:64–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.03.015.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Fang C, Sobhani Z, Zhang X, Gibson CT, Tang Y, Naidu R. Identification and visualisation of microplastics/ nanoplastics by Raman imaging (ii): smaller than the diffraction limit of laser? Water Res. 2020;183:116046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116046.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Fang C, Sobhani Z, Zhang X, McCourt L, Routley B, Gibson CT, Naidu R. Identification and visualisation of microplastics/nanoplastics by Raman imaging (iii): algorithm to cross-check multi-images. Water Res. 2021;194:116913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.116913.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Veerasingam S, Ranjani M, Venkatachalapathy R, Bagaev A, Mukhanov V, Litvinyuk D, Mugilarasan M, Gurumoorthi K, Guganathan L, Aboobacker VM, Vethamony P. Contributions of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in microplastic pollution research: a review. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol. 2020; 1–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2020.1807450.

  52. Johansen MP, Cresswell T, Davis J, Howard DL, Howell NR, Prentice E. Biofilm-enhanced adsorption of strong and weak cations onto different microplastic sample types: use of spectroscopy, microscopy and radiotracer methods. Water Res. 2019;158:392–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.04.029.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Stevenson FJ, Goh KM. Infrared spectra of humic acids and related substances. Geochim Cosmochim Acta. 1971;35(5):471–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(71)90044-5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Knott BC, Erickson E, Allen MD, Gado JE, Graham R, Kearns FL, Pardo I, Topuzlu E, Anderson JJ, Austin HP, Dominick G, Johnson CW, Rorrer NA, Szostkiewicz CJ, Copie V, Payne CM, Woodcock HL, Donohoe BS, Beckham GT, McGeehan JE. Characterization and engineering of a two-enzyme system for plastics depolymerization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020;117(41):25476–85. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006753117.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Li J, Liu H, Paul Chen J. Microplastics in freshwater systems: a review on occurrence, environmental effects, and methods for microplastics detection. Water Res. 2018;137:362–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.056.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Koyuncuoğlu P, Erden G. Sampling, pre-treatment, and identification methods of microplastics in sewage sludge and their effects in agricultural soils: a review. Environ Monit Assess. 2021;193(4):1–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Spadea A, Denbigh J, Lawrence MJ, Kansiz M, Gardner P. Analysis of fixed and live single cells using optical photothermal infrared with concomitant Raman spectroscopy. Anal Chem. 2021;93(8):3938–50. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04846.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Cai H, Chen M, Chen Q, Du F, Liu J, Shi H. Microplastic quantification affected by structure and pore size of filters. Chemosphere. 2020; 257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127198

  59. Süssmann J, Krause T, Martin D, Walz E, Greiner R, Rohn S, Fischer EK, Fritsche J. Evaluation and optimisation of sample preparation protocols suitable for the analysis of plastic particles present in seafood. Food Control. 2021; 125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107969

  60. Kappler A, Windrich F, Loder MG, Malanin M, Fischer D, Labrenz M, Eichhorn KJ, Voit B. Identification of microplastics by FTIR and Raman microscopy: a novel silicon filter substrate opens the important spectral range below 1300 cm(-1) for FTIR transmission measurements. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2015;407(22):6791–801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-8850-8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Primpke S, Lorenz C, Rascher-Friesenhausen R, Gerdts G. An automated approach for microplastics analysis using focal plane array (FPA) FTIR microscopy and image analysis. Anal Methods. 2017;9(9):1499–511. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ay02476a.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. von der Esch E, Lanzinger M, Kohles AJ, Schwaferts C, Weisser J, Hofmann T, Glas K, Elsner M, Ivleva NP. Simple generation of suspensible secondary microplastic reference particles via ultrasound treatment. Front Chem. 2020;8:169. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2020.00169.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We acknowledge Agilent Technologies (China) Co., Ltd.; Bruker (Beijing) Scientific Technology Co., Ltd.; Quantum Design (Beijing) Co., Ltd.; Purency GmbH; Photothermal Spectroscopy Corp.; and WITec (Beijing) Scientific Technology Co., Ltd. for providing technical support. We acknowledge Benedikt Hufnagl, Guiping Chen, Hailong Hu, Jingjing Wang, Lukas Wander, Michael Stibi, Michael Tang, Wanghua Wu, William Zhao, Xi Hu, and Yang Gao for their assistance in this study.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program (2020YFC1806804).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China

    Mingtan Dong & Zejiao Luo

  2. State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China

    Zhenbing She

  3. School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China

    Zhenbing She

  4. State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China

    Xiong Xiong

  5. Ministry of Natural Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen, 361005, China

    Guang Ouyang

Authors
  1. Mingtan Dong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Zhenbing She
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Xiong Xiong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Guang Ouyang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Zejiao Luo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Mingtan Dong: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, writing—original draft;

Zhenbing She: resources, writing—review and editing;

Xiong Xiong: writing—review and editing;

Guang Ouyang: writing—review and editing;

Zejiao Luo: resources, funding acquisition, writing—review and editing

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Mingtan Dong or Zejiao Luo.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Preprint

A preprint version of this article is available on ChemRxiv: https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/6111316e4cb47946752b9ae5

Additional information

Publisher's note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (PDF 2632 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Dong, M., She, Z., Xiong, X. et al. Automated analysis of microplastics based on vibrational spectroscopy: are we measuring the same metrics?. Anal Bioanal Chem 414, 3359–3372 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-022-03951-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-022-03951-6

Keywords

search

Navigation