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Batch injection analysis with amperometric detection for fluoroquinolone determination in urine, pharmaceutical formulations, and milk samples using a reduced graphene oxide–modified glassy carbon electrode

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Abstract

In this work, the batch injection analysis system with amperometric detection using reduced graphene oxide as a modifier of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was investigated for the simple, fast, and sensitive monitoring of levofloxacin (LEVO) and ciprofloxacin (CIPRO) in samples of pharmaceutical formulations, synthetic urine, and milk (low- and high-fat content). LEVO and CIPRO were quantified in seven samples using amperometric measurements at +1.10 V vs Ag/AgCl, KCl(sat). The developed methods showed excellent analytical performance with limits of detection of 0.30 and 0.16 μmol L−1, linear range from 3.0 to 50 μmol L−1 and 1.0 to 50 μmol L−1, relative standard deviation below 9.7 and 3.1%, and recovery ranges ranging from 80 to 107% and from 78 to 109% for LEVO and CIPRO, respectively. In addition, the minimum sample preparation (simple dilution) combined with a high analytical frequency (130 to 180 analyses per hour) can be highlighted. Thus, the methods are promising for implementation in routine analysis and quality control to different samples.

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Funding

This research was supported by FAPEMIG (Research Support Foundation of the State of Minas Gerais) (process: APQ-00197-18), CNPq (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, processes: 302685/2019-7 and 307271/2017-0), CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel, financial code 001), and PROPESQ/UFJF.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. NUPIS (Núcleo de Pesquisa em Instrumentação e Separações Analíticas), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil

    Lucas Vinícius de Faria, Davi Marques de Farias, Thalles Pedrosa Lisboa, Maria Auxiliadora Costa Matos & Renato Camargo Matos

  2. NUPE (Núcleo de Pesquisas em Eletroanalítica), Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil

    Rodrigo Alejandro Abarza Munoz

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  1. Lucas Vinícius de Faria
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  2. Davi Marques de Farias
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  3. Thalles Pedrosa Lisboa
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  4. Maria Auxiliadora Costa Matos
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  6. Renato Camargo Matos
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Correspondence to Lucas Vinícius de Faria or Renato Camargo Matos.

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Published in the topical collection featuring Promising Early-Career (Bio)Analytical Researchers with guest editors Antje J. Baeumner, María C. Moreno-Bondi, Sabine Szunerits, and Qiuquan Wang.

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de Faria, L.V., de Farias, D.M., Lisboa, T.P. et al. Batch injection analysis with amperometric detection for fluoroquinolone determination in urine, pharmaceutical formulations, and milk samples using a reduced graphene oxide–modified glassy carbon electrode. Anal Bioanal Chem 414, 5309–5318 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-021-03342-3

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