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A green analytical chemistry approach for lipid extraction: computation methods in the selection of green solvents as alternative to hexane

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry volume 409, pages 3527–3539 (2017)Cite this article

Abstract

There is a great interest in finding alternatives and green solvents in extraction processes to replace petroleum based solvents. In order to investigate these possibilities, computational methods, as Hansen solubility parameters (HSP) and conductor-like screening model for real solvent (COSMO-RS), were used in this work to predict the solvation power of a series of solvents in salmon fish lipids. Additionally, experimental studies were used to evaluate the performance in lipids extraction using 2-methyltetrahydrofurane, cyclopentyl methyl ether, dimethyl carbonate, isopropanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, p-cymene and d-limonene compared with hexane. Lipid classes of extracts were obtained by using high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), whereas gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC/FID) technique was employed to obtain fatty acid profiles. Some differences between theoretical and experimental results were observed, especially regarding the behavior of p-cymene and d-limonene, which separate from the predicted capability. Results obtained from HPTLC indicated that p-cymene and d-limonene extract triglycerides (TAGs) and diglycerides (DAGs) at levels of 73 and 19%, respectively, whereas the other studied extracts contain between 75 and 76% of TAGs and between 16 and 17% of DAGs. Fatty acid profiles, obtained by using GC-FID, indicated that saturated fatty acids (SFAs) between 19.5 and 19.9% of extracted oil, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) in the range between 43.5 and 44.9%, and PUFAs between 31.2 and 34.6% were extracted. p-Cymene and limonene extracts contained lower percentages than the other studied solvents of some PUFAs due probably to the fact that these unsaturated fatty acids are more susceptible to oxidative degradation than MUFAs. Ethyl acetate has been found to be the best alternative solvent to hexane for the extraction of salmon oil lipids.

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Acknowledgements

M.C. acknowledges the FPI grant (BES-2012-055404) and (EEBB-I-16-11854) provided by the Ministerio de Economia y Competividad of the Spanish government. The financial support of the Generalitat Valenciana (Project PROMETEO II 2014/077) is also acknowledged.

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Affiliations

  1. Université d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, INRA, UMR408, GREEN Team Extraction, 84000, Avignon Cedex, France

    Mari Merce Cascant, Cassandra Breil, Anne Silvie Fabiano-Tixier & Farid Chemat

  2. Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, 50 Dr. Moliner Street, Research Building, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain

    Mari Merce Cascant, Salvador Garrigues & Miguel de la Guardia

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  1. Mari Merce Cascant
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  2. Cassandra Breil
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  3. Salvador Garrigues
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  4. Miguel de la Guardia
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  5. Anne Silvie Fabiano-Tixier
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  6. Farid Chemat
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Correspondence to Miguel de la Guardia or Farid Chemat.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Samples from salmon already harvested were acquired in the supermarket. Thus, no ethical permits were needed (Directive 2010/63/EU).

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Cascant, M.M., Breil, C., Garrigues, S. et al. A green analytical chemistry approach for lipid extraction: computation methods in the selection of green solvents as alternative to hexane. Anal Bioanal Chem 409, 3527–3539 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-017-0323-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-017-0323-9

Keywords

  • Green alternative solvent
  • n-Hexane
  • Cosmo-RS
  • Hansen parameters
  • Salmon fish
  • Lipid extraction