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Assessment of goat milk adulteration with a label-free monolithically integrated optoelectronic biosensor

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Abstract

The label-free detection of bovine milk in goat milk through a miniaturized optical biosensor is presented. The biosensor consists of ten planar silicon nitride waveguide Broad-Band Mach–Zehnder interferometers (BB-MZIs) monolithically integrated and self-aligned with their respective silicon LEDs on the same Si chip. The BB-MZIs were transformed to biosensing transducers by functionalizing their sensing arm with bovine k-casein. Measurements were performed by continuously recording the transmission spectra of each interferometer through an external spectrometer. The amount of bovine milk in goat milk was determined through a competitive immunoassay by passing over the sensor mixtures of anti-k-casein antibodies with the calibrators or the samples. The output spectra of each BB-MZI recorded during the reaction were subjected to Discrete Fourier Transform in order to convert the observed spectral shifts to phase shifts in the wavenumber domain. The method had a detection limit of 0.04 % (v/v) bovine milk in goat milk, dynamic range 0.1–1.0 % (v/v), recoveries 93–110 %, and intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation less than 12 and 15 %, respectively. The proposed biosensor compared well in terms of analytical performance with a competitive ELISA developed using the same monoclonal antibodies. Nevertheless, the duration of the biosensor assay was 10 min whereas the ELISA required 2 h. Thus, the fast and sensitive determinations along with the small size of the sensor make it ideal for incorporation into portable devices for assessment of goat or ewe’s milk adulteration with bovine milk at the point-of-need.

Image of the chip with the fluidic module on top (left) and graph indicating real-time sensor responces for different bovine milk additions to goat milk (right)

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the EU-funded Project “FOODSNIFFER” (FP7-ICT-318319) (www.foodsniffer.eu). Authors would like to thank Dr. Michel Lees (Eurofins Scientific Development, France) and Dr. Eric Smith (Stichting TrustFood, The Netherlands) for useful discussions and suggestions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Immunoassays/Ιmmunosensors Lab, INRaSTES, NCSR ‘Demokritos’, 15310, Aghia Paraskevi, Greece

    Μichailia Angelopoulou, Panagiota S. Petrou & Sotirios E. Kakabakos

  2. ThetaMetrisis S.A., Polydefkous 14, 12243, Egaleo, Greece

    Athanasios Botsialas & Dimitrios Goustouridis

  3. Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR ‘Demokritos’, 15310, Aghia Paraskevi, Greece

    Alexandros Salapatas, Eleni Makarona, Ioannis Raptis & Konstantinos Misiakos

  4. RIKILT Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands

    Willem Haasnoot

  5. Jobst Technologies GmbH, Engesserstraße 4B, 79108, Freiburg, Germany

    Gerhard Jobst

  6. Electronics Department, TEI of Piraeus, 12244, Egaleo, Greece

    Dimitrios Goustouridis

  7. Biochemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece

    Athanasia Siafaka-Kapadai

Authors
  1. Μichailia Angelopoulou
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  2. Athanasios Botsialas
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  3. Alexandros Salapatas
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  4. Panagiota S. Petrou
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  5. Willem Haasnoot
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  6. Eleni Makarona
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  7. Gerhard Jobst
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  8. Dimitrios Goustouridis
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  9. Athanasia Siafaka-Kapadai
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  10. Ioannis Raptis
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  11. Konstantinos Misiakos
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  12. Sotirios E. Kakabakos
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ioannis Raptis.

Additional information

Published in the topical collection Direct Optical Detection with guest editors Guenter Gauglitz and Jiri Homola.

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Angelopoulou, Μ., Botsialas, A., Salapatas, A. et al. Assessment of goat milk adulteration with a label-free monolithically integrated optoelectronic biosensor. Anal Bioanal Chem 407, 3995–4004 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-8596-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-8596-3

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