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A paper-based lateral flow assay for morphine

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry volume 406, pages 5955–5965 (2014)Cite this article

Abstract

Morphine was used as a model analyte to examine the possibility of using cellulose, physically modified by papermaking and converting techniques, as a capillary matrix in a lateral flow type of diagnostic assay. This research was directed toward low-cost, disposable, and portable paper-based diagnostics, with the aim of addressing the analytical performance of paper as a substrate in the analysis for drugs of abuse. Antibody Fab fragments were used as sensing molecules, and gold nanoparticle detection was employed. Inkjet printing was used to pattern sensing biomolecules as detection zones on paper. To validate the usefulness of paper as a diagnostic platform, the principle of a direct sandwich assay, based on immunocomplex formation between morphine and the anti-morphine Fab fragment and detection of the formed immunocomplex by another Fab fragment, was implemented. Results were compared with that achieved by using nitrocellulose as a reference material. Possible interfering from the sample matrix on assay quality was investigated with spiked oral fluid samples. Under optimized conditions, a visually assessed limit of detection for the sandwich assay was 1 ng/mL, indicating that the paper-based test devices developed in this work can perform screening for drugs of abuse and can fulfill the requirement for a sensitive assay in diagnostically relevant ranges.

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Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge the support from the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation (TEKES). Dr. Tarja Nevanen is thanked for helpful discussion, Kariitta Berg for antibody supply, and Rami Mannila for reader development.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, 02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland

    Tuija Teerinen & Tomi Erho

  2. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, 40101, Jyväskylä, Finland

    Timo Lappalainen

  3. The Active Paper Company Oy, 02630, Espoo, Finland

    Tomi Erho

Authors
  1. Tuija Teerinen
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  2. Timo Lappalainen
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  3. Tomi Erho
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tuija Teerinen.

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Teerinen, T., Lappalainen, T. & Erho, T. A paper-based lateral flow assay for morphine. Anal Bioanal Chem 406, 5955–5965 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-014-8001-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-014-8001-7

Keywords

  • Paper-based
  • Drugs of abuse
  • Recombinant antibody
  • Immunocomplex assay
  • Point-of-care diagnostics
  • Low resource
  • Capillary action