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Highly integrated flow assembly for automated dynamic extraction and determination of readily bioaccessible chromium(VI) in soils exploiting carbon nanoparticle-based solid-phase extraction

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Abstract

An automated dynamic leaching test integrated in a portable flow-based setup is herein proposed for reliable determination of readily bioaccessible Cr(VI) under worst-case scenarios in soils containing varying levels of contamination. The manifold is devised to accommodate bi-directional flow extraction followed by processing of extracts via either in-line clean-up/preconcentration using multi-walled carbon nanotubes or automatic dilution at will, along with Cr(VI) derivatization and flow-through spectrophotometric detection. The magnitude of readily mobilizable Cr(VI) pools was ascertained by resorting to water extraction as promulgated by current standard leaching tests. The role of carbon nanomaterials for the uptake of Cr(VI) in soil leachates and the configuration of the packed column integrated in the flow manifold were investigated in detail. The analytical performance of the proposed system for in vitro bioaccessibility tests was evaluated in chromium-enriched soils at environmentally relevant levels and in a standard reference soil material (SRM 2701) with a certified value of total hexavalent chromium. The automated method was proven to afford unbiased assessment of water-soluble Cr(VI) in soils as a result of the minimization of the chromium species transformation. By combination of the kinetic leaching profile and a first-order leaching model, the water-soluble Cr(VI) fraction in soils was determined in merely 6 h against >24 h taken in batchwise steady-state standard methods.

Schematic representation of the compact flow set-up for automated dynamic extraction and determination of readily bioaccessible Cr(VI) in soils

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Acknowledgments

Maria Rosende thanks the Conselleria d’Economia Hisenda i Innovació from the Government of the Balearic Islands for allocation of a Ph.D. stipend. Manuel Miró gratefully acknowledges the financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through projects CTM2010-17214 and HP2008-0045 (Integrated Action). Financial support by the Integrated Action E-48/09 from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal) is also acknowledged. Víctor Cerdà is grateful to the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for supporting project CTQ2010-15541. The authors thank Dr. Antonio Frontera and Mr. David Cocovi from the University of the Balearic Islands for fruitful discussions. Carbon nanofibers were kindly gifted by Dr. Reinhard Kriegbaum from Electrovac AG, Austria.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Carreteta de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain

    María Rosende, Manuel Miró & Víctor Cerdà

  2. REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Anibal Cunha, 164, 4099-030, Porto, Portugal

    Marcela A. Segundo & José L. F. C. Lima

Authors
  1. María Rosende
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  2. Manuel Miró
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  3. Marcela A. Segundo
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  4. José L. F. C. Lima
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  5. Víctor Cerdà
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Correspondence to Manuel Miró.

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Rosende, M., Miró, M., Segundo, M.A. et al. Highly integrated flow assembly for automated dynamic extraction and determination of readily bioaccessible chromium(VI) in soils exploiting carbon nanoparticle-based solid-phase extraction. Anal Bioanal Chem 400, 2217–2227 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-4954-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-4954-y

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