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Fractionation and characterization of nano- and microparticles in liquid media

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry volume 400, pages 1787–1804 (2011)Cite this article

Abstract

Submicron and micron particles present in liquid environmental, biological, and technological samples differ in their dimensions, shape, mass, chemical composition, and charge. Their properties cannot be reliably studied unless the particles are fractionated. Synthetic particles applied as components of analytical systems may also need preliminary fractionation and investigation. The review is focused on the methods for fractionation and characterization of nanoparticles and microparticles in liquid media, the most representative examples of their application, and the trends in developing novel approaches to the separation and investigation of particles. Among the separation techniques, the main attention is devoted to membrane filtration, field-flow fractionation, chromatographic, and capillary electrokinetic methods. Microfluidic systems employing the above-mentioned and other separation principles and providing a basis for the fabrication of lab-on-chip devices are also examined. Laser light scattering methods and other physical techniques for the characterization of particles are considered. Special attention is given to “hyphenated” techniques which enable the separation and characterization of particles to be performed in online modes.

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Fig. 1
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Abbreviations

AF4:

Asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation

CTFFF:

Coiled-tube field-flow fractionation

CZE:

Capillary zone electrophoresis

DEP:

Dielectrophoresis

DLS:

Dynamic light scattering

FlFFF:

Flow field-flow fractionation

FFF:

Field-flow fractionation

GE:

Gel electrophoresis

GPC:

Gel permeation chromatography

HDC:

Hydrodynamic chromatography

HPLC:

High-performance liquid chromatography

ICP-AES:

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry

ICP-MS:

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

IEF:

Isoelectric focusing electrophoresis

ITP:

Isotachophoresis

LC:

Liquid chromatography

LIF:

Laser-induced fluorescence

MALLS:

Multiangle laser light scattering

MMF:

Multistage membrane filtration

SAXS:

Small-angle X-ray scattering

SdFFF:

Sedimentation field-flow fractionation

SDS:

Sodium dodecyl sulfate

SEC:

Size-exclusion chromatography

SPLITT:

Split-flow thin-cell

TFFF:

Thermal field-flow fractionation

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the Russian Foundation of Basic Research for financial support.

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Affiliations

  1. Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 19 Kosygin Street, 119991, Moscow, Russia

    Petr S. Fedotov, Nataliya G. Vanifatova, Valery M. Shkinev & Boris Ya. Spivakov

Authors
  1. Petr S. Fedotov
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  2. Nataliya G. Vanifatova
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  3. Valery M. Shkinev
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  4. Boris Ya. Spivakov
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Correspondence to Petr S. Fedotov.

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Fedotov, P.S., Vanifatova, N.G., Shkinev, V.M. et al. Fractionation and characterization of nano- and microparticles in liquid media. Anal Bioanal Chem 400, 1787–1804 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-4704-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-4704-1

Keywords

  • Nanoparticles
  • Microparticles
  • Separation
  • Characterization
  • Membrane filtration
  • Field-flow fractionation
  • Chromatography
  • Electrokinetic methods
  • “Hyphenated” techniques