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Toxaphene analysis in Great Lakes fish: a comparison of GC-EI/MS/MS and GC-ECNI-MS, individual congener standard and technical mixture for quantification of toxaphene

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Abstract

Toxaphene is considered to be a problematic organochlorine pollutant because of its bioaccumulation potential and persistence in aquatic environments. In this study, whole lake trout and walleye composites were used to evaluate two analytical techniques for total toxaphene and selected congener analysis. The efficacy of using gas chromatography electron ionization tandem mass spectrometry (GC-EI/MS/MS) and electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry (GC-ECNI-MS) were compared. Although the sensitivity using GC-ECNI-MS was approximately five times greater than GC-EI/MS/MS, the latter provided more consistent inter-Parlar relative response factors (RRF). When using technical calibration mixtures, these results suggest a more accurate total toxaphene measurement was obtained using the GC-EI/MS/MS method. Total toxaphene concentrations in lake trout composites from both methods were highly correlated (R 2 = 0.985) with the MS/MS concentrations approximately half of those determined by ECNI, suggesting systematic high bias in toxaphene concentrations when measured using GC-ECNI.

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Acknowledgments

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Great Lakes Fish Monitoring Program supported this project under contract GL-96594201-1. Also, we wish to thank the Program Manager Elizabeth Murphy and many people who assisted in sample collection and processing.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Air Resource Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA

    Xiaoyan Xia & Bernard S. Crimmins

  2. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clarkson University, CAMP Room 220, PO Box 5705, Potsdam, NY, 13699-5705, USA

    Philip K. Hopke

  3. Environmental Research Center, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, NY, 13126, USA

    James J. Pagano

  4. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, State University of New York at Fredonia, Fredonia, NY, 14063, USA

    Michael S. Milligan

  5. Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA

    Thomas M. Holsen

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  1. Xiaoyan Xia
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  2. Bernard S. Crimmins
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  3. Philip K. Hopke
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  4. James J. Pagano
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  6. Thomas M. Holsen
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Correspondence to Philip K. Hopke.

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Xia, X., Crimmins, B.S., Hopke, P.K. et al. Toxaphene analysis in Great Lakes fish: a comparison of GC-EI/MS/MS and GC-ECNI-MS, individual congener standard and technical mixture for quantification of toxaphene. Anal Bioanal Chem 395, 457–463 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-009-2988-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-009-2988-1

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