Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Monitoring of PAHs in air by collection on XAD-2 adsorbent then microwave-assisted thermal desorption coupled with headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Microwave-assisted thermal desorption (MAD) coupled to headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) has been studied for in-situ, one-step, sample preparation for PAHs collected on XAD-2 adsorbent, before gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. The PAHs on XAD-2 were desorbed into the extraction solution, evaporated into the headspace by use of microwave irradiation, and absorbed directly on a solid-phase microextraction fiber in the headspace. After desorption from the SPME fiber in the hot GC injection port, PAHs were analyzed by GC–MS. Conditions affecting extraction efficiency, for example extraction solution, addition of salt, stirring speed, SPME fiber coating, sampling temperature, microwave power and irradiation time, and desorption conditions were investigated. Experimental results indicated that extraction of 275 mg XAD-2, containing 10–200 ng PAHs, with 10-mL ethylene glycol–1 mol L−1 NaCl solution, 7:3, by irradiation with 120 W for 40 min (the same as the extraction time), and collection with a PDMS–DVB fiber at 35 °C, resulted in the best extraction efficiency. Recovery was more than 80% and RSD was less than 14%. Optimum desorption was achieved by heating at 290 °C for 5 min. Detection limits varied from 0.02 to 1.0 ng for different PAHs. A real sample was obtained by using XAD-2 to collect smoke from indoor burning of joss sticks. The amounts of PAHs measured varied from 0.795 to 2.53 ng. The method is a simple and rapid procedure for determination of PAHs on XAD-2 absorbent, and is free from toxic organic solvents.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+
from $39.99 /Month
  • Starting from 10 chapters or articles per month
  • Access and download chapters and articles from more than 300k books and 2,500 journals
  • Cancel anytime
View plans

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, books and news in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.

References

  1. Lee MI, Novotny MV, Bartle KD (1981) Analytical chemistry of polycyclic aromatic compounds. Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  2. Costantino J, Redmond C, Bearden A (1995) J Occup Environ Med 37:597–604

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Andjelkovich D, Shy C, Brown M, Janszen D, Levine R (1990) J Occup Med 36:391–401

    Google Scholar 

  4. Chaloupka K, Harper N, Krishnan V, Santostefano M, Rodriguez LV, Safe S (1993) Chem Biol Interact 89:141–158

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Kuusimaki L, Peltonen K, Mutanen P, Savela K (2003) Ann Occup Hyg 47:389–398

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Chung JC, Kuhlman MR (1990) Environ Sci Technol 24:661–665

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Oldaker GB III, Conrad JC Jr (1987) Environ Sci Technol 21:994–999

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Williams RW, Watts RR, Stevens RK, Stone CL, Lewtas J (1999) J Expos Anal Environ Epidemiol 9:158–166

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Oamh NT, Reutergardh LB, Dung NT (1999) Environ Sci Technol 33:2703–2709

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Nolte CG, Schawer JJ, Cass GR (2001) Environ Sci Technol 35:1912–1919

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Santos CYM, Azevedo DA, Neto FRA (2002) Atmos Environ 36:3009–3019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Li CT, Zhuang HK, Hsien LT, Lee WJ, Tsao MC (2001) Environ Int 27:61–67

    Article  MATH  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Guillen MD, Manzanos MJ, Ibargoitia ML (2001) J Agric Food Chem 49:2395–2403

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Lei L, Suidan MT, Khodadoust AP, Tabak HH (2004) Environ Sci Technol 38:1786–1793

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Ré-Poppi N, Santiago-Silva M (2005) Atmos Environ 39:2839–2850

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Chen J, Pawliszyn J (1995) J Anal Chem 67:2530–2533

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Pawliszyn J (1997) Solid phase microextraction theory and practice. Wiley–VCH, New York

    Google Scholar 

  18. Lord HL, Pawliszyn J (2000) J Chromatogr A 885:153–193

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Alpendura MF (2000) J Chromatogr A 889:3–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Lee MR, Yeh YC, Hsiang WS, Chen CC (1998) J Chromatogr B 707:91–97

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Koziel J, Jia M, Khaled A, Noah J, Pawliszyn J (1999) Anal Chim Acta 400:153–162

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Hawthorne SB, Grabanski CB, Miller DJ, Kreitinger JP (2005) Environ Sci Technol 39:2795–2803

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Diaz-Vazquez LM, Garcia O, Velazquez Z, Marrero I, Rosario O (2005) J Chromatogr B 825:11–20

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Boyd-Boland AA, Pawliszyn J (1995) J Chromatogr A 704:163–172

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. King AJ, Readman JW, Zhou JL (2003) Environ Geochem Health 25:69–75

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Chen HW (2004) Anal Sci 20:1383–1388

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Chai M, Pawliszyn J (1995) Environ Sci Technol 29:693–701

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Guan F, Watanabe K, Ishii A, Seno H, Kumazawa T, Hattori H, Suzuki O (1998) J Chromatogr B 714:205–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Czerwinski J, Zygmunt B, Namiesnik J (1996) Fresenius J Anal Chem 356:80–83

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Llompart M, Li K, Fingas M (1998) Anal Chem 70:2510–2515

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Djozan DJ, Assadi Y (1999) Microchem J 63:276–284

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Doong RA, Chang SM, Sun YC (2000) J Chromatogr Sci 38:528–534

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Doong RA, Chang SM, Sun YC (2000) J Chromatogr A 879:177–188

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Waidyanatha S, Zheng Y, Rappaport SM (2003) Chem Biol Interact 145:165–174

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Wei MC, Jen JF (2002) Chromatographia 55:701–706

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Jen JF, Su YS, Chen YI (2002) J Chromatogr A 976:349–355

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Wei MC, Jen JF (2003) J Chromatogr A 1012:111–120

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Jen JF, Li HP, Li GC (2003) J Chromatogr A 1012:129–137

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Yan CT, Jen JF (2004) Chromatographia 59:517–520

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Yan CT, Shih TS, Jen JF (2004) Talanta 64:650–654

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Guillen MD, Sopelana P (2005) J Dairy Sci 88:13–20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the National Science Council of Taiwan for financial support of this work under Contract No. NSC 93-2113-M-166-004.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Food Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, 406, Taiwan

    Ming-Chi Wei & Wan-Ting Chang

  2. Department of Chemistry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan

    Jen-Fon Jen

Authors
  1. Ming-Chi Wei
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Wan-Ting Chang
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jen-Fon Jen
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ming-Chi Wei.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Wei, MC., Chang, WT. & Jen, JF. Monitoring of PAHs in air by collection on XAD-2 adsorbent then microwave-assisted thermal desorption coupled with headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 387, 999–1005 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-006-0962-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-006-0962-8

Keywords