Skip to main content

Order and disorder in alkyl stationary phases

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry volume 382, pages 646–668 (2005)Cite this article

Abstract

Covalently modified surfaces represent a unique state of matter that is not well described by liquid or solid phase models. The chemical bond in tethered alkanes imparts order to the surface in the form of anisotropic properties that are evident in chromatographic and spectroscopic studies. An understanding of the structure, conformation, and organization of alkyl-modified surfaces is requisite to the design of improved materials and the optimal utilization of existing materials. In recent years, the study of alkyl-modified surfaces has benefited from advances in modern analytical instrumentation. Aspects of alkyl chain conformation and motion have been investigated through the use of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and neutron scattering studies. Chromatography provides complementary evidence of alkyl chain organization through interactions with solute probes. Computational simulations offer insights into the structure of covalently modified surfaces that may not be apparent through empirical observation. This manuscript reviews progress achieved in the study of the architecture of alkyl-modified surfaces.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

USD 39.95

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

References

  1. Abel EW, Pollard FH, Uden PC, Nickless G (1966) J Chromatogr 22:23–28

    Google Scholar 

  2. Stewart HNM, Perry SG (1968) J Chromatogr 37:97

    Google Scholar 

  3. Neue UD (1997) HPLC columns, theory, technology, and practice. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  4. Unger KK (1979) Porous silica. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  5. Neue UD (2000) In: Meyers RA (ed) Encyclopedia of analytical chemistry. Wiley, Chichester, pp 11450–11472

  6. Unger KK (1998) Packings and stationary phases in chromatographic techniques. Marcel Dekker, New York

    Google Scholar 

  7. Saito Y, Ohta H, Jinno K (2003) J Sep Sci 26:225–241

    Google Scholar 

  8. Vervoort RJM, Ruyter E, Debets AJJ, Claessens HA, Cramers CA, De Jong GJ (2002) J Chromatogr A 964:67–76

    Google Scholar 

  9. Sander LC, Sharpless KE, Pursch M (2000) J Chromatogr A 880:189–202

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Dorsey JG, Cooper WT (1994) Anal Chem 66:857A–867A

    Google Scholar 

  11. Sander LC, Wise SA (1993) J Chromatogr 656:335–351

    Google Scholar 

  12. Unger KK (1990) Chromatogr Sci 47:43–85

    Google Scholar 

  13. Unger KK (1990) Chromatogr Sci 47:235–249

    Google Scholar 

  14. Engelhardt H, Low H, Eberhardt W, Mauss M (1989) Chromatographia 27:535–543

    Google Scholar 

  15. Sander LC, Wise SA (1987) CRC Crit Rev Anal Chem 18:299–415

    Google Scholar 

  16. Sander LC, Wise SA (1984) Anal Chem 56:504–510

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Sander LC, Wise SA (1995) Anal Chem 67:3284–3292

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Fatunmbi HO, Bruch MD, Wirth MJ (1993) Anal Chem 65:2048–2054

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Adrianov KA, Izmaylov BA (1967) J Organomet Chem 8:435–441

    Google Scholar 

  20. Sander LC, Wise SA (1984) J Chromatogr 316:163–181

    Google Scholar 

  21. Gee ML, Healy TW, White LR (1990) J Colloid Interface Sci 140:450–465

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Ulman A (1996) Chem Rev 96:1533–1554

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Parikh AN, Schivley MA, Koo E, Seshadri K, Aurentz D, Mueller K, Allara DL (1997) J Am Chem Soc 119:3135–3143

    Google Scholar 

  24. Wirth MJ, Fatunmbi HO (1992) Anal Chem 64:2783–2786

    Google Scholar 

  25. Wirth MJ, Fatunmbi HO (1993) Anal Chem 65:822–826

    Google Scholar 

  26. Fairbank RWP, Xiang Y, Wirth MJ (1995) Anal Chem 67:3879–3885

    Google Scholar 

  27. Rustamov I, Farcas T, Ahmed F, Chan F, LoBrutto R, McNair HM, Kazakevich YV (2001) J Chromatogr A 913:49–63

    Google Scholar 

  28. Berendsen GE, de Galan L (1978) J Liq Chromatogr 1:561–586

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Sandoval JE, Pesek JJ (1989) Anal Chem 61:2067–2075

    Google Scholar 

  30. Montes MC, van Amen C, Pesek JJ, Sandoval JE (1994) J Chromatogr A 688:31–45

    Google Scholar 

  31. Pesek JJ, Matyska MT, Sandoval JE, Williamsen EJ (1996) J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol 19:2843–2865

    Google Scholar 

  32. Pesek JJ, Matyska MT, Williamsen EJ, Evanchic M, Hazari V, Konjuh K, Takhar S, Tranchina R (1997) J Chromatogr A 786:219–228

    Google Scholar 

  33. Pesek JJ, Matyska MT, Takhar S (1998) Chromatographia 48:631–636

    Google Scholar 

  34. Pesek JJ, Matyska MT, Oliva M, Evanchic M (1998) J Chromatogr A 818:145–154

    Google Scholar 

  35. Wegmann J, Albert K, Pursch M, Sander LC (2001) Anal Chem 73:1814–1820

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Chowdhury MAJ, Ihara H, Sagawa T, Hirayama C (2000) J Chromatogr A 877:71–85

    Google Scholar 

  37. Chowdhury MAJ, Ihara H, Sagawa T, Hirayama C (2000) Chromatographia 52:45–50

    Google Scholar 

  38. Chowdhury MA, Ihara H, Sagawa T, Hirayama C (2000) J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol 23:2289–2302

    Google Scholar 

  39. Ulman A (1990) Adv Mater 2:573–582

    Google Scholar 

  40. Karger BL, Gant JR, Hartkopf A, Weiner PH (1976) J Chromatogr 128:65–78

    Google Scholar 

  41. Horvath Cs, Melander WR, Molnar I (1976) J Chromatogr 125:129–156

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Horvath Cs, Melander WR (1977) J Chromatogr Sci 15:393–404

    Google Scholar 

  43. Ogan K, Katz E, Slavin W (1979) Anal Chem 51:1315–1320

    Google Scholar 

  44. Katz ED, Ogan KL (1980) J Liq Chromatogr 3:1151–1163

    Google Scholar 

  45. Ogan K, Katz E (1980) J Chromatogr 188:115–127

    Google Scholar 

  46. US Environmental Protection Agency (1979) Fed Regist 44:233

    Google Scholar 

  47. Sander LC, Pursch M, Wise SA (1999) Anal Chem 71:4821–4830

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Jinno K (1997) Chromatographic separations based on molecular recognition. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  49. Sander LC, Wise SA (1989) Anal Chem 61:1749–1754

    Google Scholar 

  50. Hesselink W, Schiffer RHNA, Kootstra PR (1995) J Chromatogr A 697:165–174

    Google Scholar 

  51. Ooms B (1996) LC GC 14:306, 308, 312, 314,

    Google Scholar 

  52. Sander LC, Wise SA (2001) J Sep Sci 24:910–920

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Sentell KB, Henderson AN (1991) Anal Chim Acta 246:139–149

    Google Scholar 

  54. Sander LC, Wise SA (1987) Anal Chem 59:2309–2313

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Bell CM, Sander LC, Fetzer JC, Wise SA (1996) J Chromatogr 753:37–45

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Wise SA, Bonnett WJ, Guenther FR, May WE (1981) J Chromatogr Sci 19:457–465

    Google Scholar 

  57. Janini GM, Johnston K, Zielinski WL (1975) Anal Chem 47:670–674

    Google Scholar 

  58. Janini GM, Muschik GM, Schroer JA, Zielinski WL (1976) Anal Chem 48:1879–1883

    Google Scholar 

  59. Janini GM, Muschik GM, Zielinski WL (1976) Anal Chem 48:809–813

    Google Scholar 

  60. Radecki A, Lamparczyk H, Kaliszan R (1979) Chromatographia 12:595–599

    Google Scholar 

  61. Wise SA, Sander LC, Chang H, Markides KE, Lee ML (1988) Chromatographia 25:473–480

    Google Scholar 

  62. (1998) SRM 869a, Column Selectivity Test Mixture for Liquid Chromatography (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons), Certificate of Analysis, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD

  63. Lesellier E, Tchapla A, Krstulovic AM (1993) J Chromatogr 645:29–39

    Google Scholar 

  64. Pursch M, Sander LC, Albert K (1996) Anal Chem 68:4107–4113

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Tanaka N, Tokuda Y, Iwaguchi K, Araki M (1982) J Chromatogr 239:761–772

    Google Scholar 

  66. Lochmüller CH, Wilder DR (1979) J Chromatogr Sci 17:574–579

    Google Scholar 

  67. Berendsen GE, de Galan L (1980) J Chromatogr 196:21–37

    Google Scholar 

  68. Tanaka N, Sakagami K, Araki M (1980) Chem Lett 587–590

  69. Jinno K (1982) Chromatographia 15:667–668

    Google Scholar 

  70. Hansen RH, Harris JM (1996) Anal Chem 68:2879–2884

    Google Scholar 

  71. Egelhaaf HJ, Oelkrug D, Pursch M, Albert K (1997) J Fluorescence 7:311–316

    Google Scholar 

  72. Pursch M, Brindle R, Ellwanger A, Sander LC, Bell CM, Haendel H, Albert K (1997) Solid State NMR 9:191–201

    Google Scholar 

  73. Sander LC, Sharpless KE, Craft NE, Wise SA (1994) Anal Chem 66:1667–1674

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Fetzer JC, Biggs WR (1989) Chromatographia 27:118–122

    Google Scholar 

  75. Saito Y, Ohta H, Jinno K (2004) Anal Chem 76:266A–272A

    Google Scholar 

  76. Wolcott RG, Dolan JW (1999) LC GC 17:316–321

    Google Scholar 

  77. Morrison RD, Dolan JW (2000) LC GC 18:936–939

    Google Scholar 

  78. Scott RPW, Simpson CF (1980) J Chromatogr 197:11–20

    Google Scholar 

  79. Lochmüller CH, Hunnicutt ML (1986) J Phys Chem 90:4318–4322

    Google Scholar 

  80. Montgomery ME, Green MA, Wirth MJ (1992) Anal Chem 64:1170–1175

    Google Scholar 

  81. Doyle CA, Vickers TJ, Mann CK, Dorsey JG (1997) J Chromatogr A 779:91–112

    Google Scholar 

  82. Li ZB, Rutan SC, Dong SN (1996) Anal Chem 68:124–129

    Google Scholar 

  83. Henry MC, Wolf LK, Messmer MC (2003) J Phys Chem B 107:2765–2770

    Google Scholar 

  84. Przybyciel M, Majors RE (2002) LC GC 20:516–523

    Google Scholar 

  85. Nagae N, Enami T, Doshi S (2002) LC GC North Am 20:964–972

    Google Scholar 

  86. Bidlingmeyer BA, Broske AD (2004) J Chromatogr Sci 42:100–106

    Google Scholar 

  87. Majors RE, Przybyciel M (2002) LC GC 20:584–593

    Google Scholar 

  88. Snyder RG, Schachtschneider JH (1963) Spectrochim Acta 19:85–116

    Google Scholar 

  89. Snyder RG (1967) J Chem Phys 47:1316–1360

    Google Scholar 

  90. Snyder RG, Maroncelli M, Qi SP, Strauss HL (1981) Science 214:188–190

    Google Scholar 

  91. Maroncelli M, Qi SP, Strauss HL, Snyder RG (1982) J Am Chem Soc 104:6237–6247

    Google Scholar 

  92. Sander LC, Callis JB, Field LR (1983) Anal Chem 55:1068–1075

    Google Scholar 

  93. Jinno K, Wu J, Ichikawa M, Takata I (1993) Chromatographia 37:627–634

    Google Scholar 

  94. Senak L, Davies MA, Mendelsohn R (1991) J Phys Chem 95:2565–2571

    Google Scholar 

  95. Singh S, Wegmann J, Albert K, Muller K (2002) J Phys Chem B 106:878–888

    Google Scholar 

  96. Srinivasan G, Pursch M, Sander LC, Muller K (2004) Langmuir 20:1746–1752

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Parikh AN, Beers JD, Shreve AP, Swanson BI (1999) Langmuir 15:5369–5381

    Google Scholar 

  98. Allara DL, Parikh AN, Rondelez F (1995) Langmuir 11:2357–2360

    Google Scholar 

  99. Gao W, Reven L (1995) Langmuir 11:1860–1863

    Google Scholar 

  100. Badia A, Cuccia L, Demers L, Morin F, Lennox RB (1997) J Am Chem Soc 119:2682–2692

    Google Scholar 

  101. Voicu R, Badia A, Morin F, Lennox RB, Ellis TH (2001) Chem Mater 13:2266–2271

    Google Scholar 

  102. Pemberton JE, Ho MK, Orendorff CJ, Ducey MW (2001) J Chromatogr A 913:243–252

    Google Scholar 

  103. Ducey MW Jr, Orendorff CJ, Pemberton JE, Sander LC (2002) Anal Chem 74:5576–5584

    Google Scholar 

  104. Ducey MW Jr, Orendorff CJ, Pemberton JE, Sander LC (2002) Anal Chem 74:5585–5592

    Google Scholar 

  105. Orendorff CJ, Ducey MW, Pemberton JE (2002) J Phys Chem A 106:6991–6998

    Google Scholar 

  106. Orendorff CJ, Ducey MW Jr, Pemberton JE, Sander LC (2003) Anal Chem 75:3360–3368

    Google Scholar 

  107. Orendorff CJ, Ducey MW Jr, Pemberton JE, Sander LC (2003) Anal Chem 75:3369–3375

    Google Scholar 

  108. Doyle CA, Vickers TJ, Mann CK, Dorsey JG (2000) J Chromatogr A 877:41–59

    Google Scholar 

  109. Doyle CA, Vickers TJ, Mann CK, Dorsey JG (2000) J Chromatogr A 877:25–39

    Google Scholar 

  110. Larsson K, Rand RP (1973) Biochim Biophys Acta 326:245

    Google Scholar 

  111. Ho M, Cai M, Pemberton JE (1997) Anal Chem 69:2613–2616

    Google Scholar 

  112. Ho M, Pemberton JE (1998) Anal Chem 70:4915–4920

    Google Scholar 

  113. Sentell KB (1993) J Chromatogr A 656:231–263

    Google Scholar 

  114. Pursch M, Sander LC, Albert K (1999) Anal Chem 71:733a–741a

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Albert K (2003) J Sep Sci 26:215–224

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Grant DM, Paul EG (1964) J Am Chem Soc 86:2984–2990

    Google Scholar 

  117. Earl WL, Vanderhart DL (1982) J Magn Reson 48:35–54

    Google Scholar 

  118. Pursch M, Strohschein S, Handel H, Albert K (1996) Anal Chem 68:386–393

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Strohschein S, Pursch M, Lubda D, Albert K (1998) Anal Chem 70:13–18

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Jinno K, Ibuki T, Tanaka N, Okamoto M, Fetzer JC, Biggs WR, Griffiths PR, Olinger JM (1989) J Chromatogr 461:209–227

    Google Scholar 

  121. Cheng J, Fone M, Ellsworth MW (1996) Solid State NMR 7:135–140

    Google Scholar 

  122. Pursch M (1997) Neue Synthesewege zur Darstellung von langkettigen Alklinterphasen-Untersuchungen zur Oberflächenmorphologie durch Festkörper-NMR-Spektroskopie und HPLC. Universität Tübingen, Tübingen Germany

    Google Scholar 

  123. Pursch M, Sander LC, Egelhaaf HJ, Raitza M, Wise SA, Oelkrug D, Albert K (1999) J Am Chem Soc 121:3201–3213

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Zeigler RC, Maciel GE (1991) J Phys Chem 95:7345–7353

    Google Scholar 

  125. Sindorf DW, Maciel GE (1983) J Am Chem Soc 105:1848–1851

    Google Scholar 

  126. Gilpin RK, Gangoda ME (1984) Anal Chem 56:1470–1473

    Google Scholar 

  127. Albert K, Evers B, Bayer E (1985) J Magn Reson 62:428–436

    Google Scholar 

  128. Gangoda M, Gilpin RK, Figueirinhas J (1989) J Phys Chem 93:4815–4818

    Google Scholar 

  129. Gangoda ME, Gilpin RK (1990) Langmuir 6:941–944

    Google Scholar 

  130. Zeigler RC, Maciel GE (1991) J Am Chem Soc 113:6349–6358

    Google Scholar 

  131. Kelusky EC, Fyfe CA (1986) J Am Chem Soc 108:1746–1749

    Google Scholar 

  132. Lochmüller CH, Marshall DB, Wilder DR (1981) Anal Chim Acta 130:31–42

    Google Scholar 

  133. Lochmüller CH, Marshall DB, Harris JM (1981) Anal Chim Acta 131:263–269

    Google Scholar 

  134. Stahlberg J, Almgren M (1985) Anal Chem 57:817–821

    Google Scholar 

  135. Carr JW, Harris JM (1986) Anal Chem 58:626–631

    Google Scholar 

  136. Thulstrup EW, Michl J (1989) Elementary polarization spectroscopy. VCH, New York

    Google Scholar 

  137. Lochmüller CH, Colborn AS, Hunnicutt ML, Harris JM (1983) Anal Chem 55:1344–1348

    Google Scholar 

  138. Lochmüller CH, Colborn AS, Hunnicutt ML, Harris JM (1984) J Am Chem Soc 106:4077–4082

    Google Scholar 

  139. Bogar RG, Thomas JC, Callis JB (1984) Anal Chem 56:1080–1084

    Google Scholar 

  140. Rangnekar VM, Foley JT, Oldham PB (1992) Appl Spectrosc 46:827–831

    Google Scholar 

  141. Stahlberg J, Almgren M, Alsins J (1988) Anal Chem 60:2487–2493

    Google Scholar 

  142. Zulli SL, Kovaleski JM, Zhu XR, Harris JM, Wirth MJ (1994) Anal Chem 66:1708–1712

    Google Scholar 

  143. Kovaleski JM, Wirth MJ (1996) J Phys Chem 100:10304–10309

    Google Scholar 

  144. Kovaleski JM, Wirth MJ (1997) J Phys Chem B 101:5545–5548

    Google Scholar 

  145. Hansen RL, Harris JM (1995) Anal Chem 67:492–498

    Google Scholar 

  146. Kovaleski JM, Wirth MJ (1995) J Phys Chem 99:4091–4095

    Google Scholar 

  147. Wirth MJ, Swinton DJ (1998) Anal Chem 70:5264–5271

    Google Scholar 

  148. Ludes MD, Wirth MJ (2002) Anal Chem 74:386–393

    Google Scholar 

  149. Wirth MJ, Swinton DJ, Ludes MD (2003) J Phys Chem B 107:6258–6268

    Google Scholar 

  150. Wirth MJ, Burbage JD (1991) Anal Chem 63:1311–1317

    Google Scholar 

  151. Burbage JD, Wirth MJ (1992) J Phys Chem 96:5943–5948

    Google Scholar 

  152. Wright PB, Lamb E, Dorsey JG, Kooser RG (1992) Anal Chem 64:785–789

    Google Scholar 

  153. Beaufils JP, Hennion MC, Rosset R (1985) Anal Chem 57:2593–2596

    Google Scholar 

  154. Glinka CJ, Sander LC, Wise SA, Berk NF (1990) Mat Res Soc Symp Proc 166:415–420

    Google Scholar 

  155. Sander LC, Glinka CJ, Wise SA (1990) Anal Chem 62:1099–1101

    Google Scholar 

  156. Wasserman SR, Whitesides GM, Tidswell IM, Ocko BM, Pershan PS, Axe JD (1989) J Am Chem Soc 111:5852–5861

    Google Scholar 

  157. Wheeler JF, Beck TL, Klatte SJ, Cole LA, Dorsey JG (1993) J Chromatogr A 656:317–333

    Google Scholar 

  158. Hansen SJ, Callis JB (1983) J Chromatogr Sci 21:560–563

    Google Scholar 

  159. Jinno K, Nagoshi T, Tanaka N, Okamoto M, Fetzer JC, Biggs WR (1988) J Chromatogr 436:1–10

    Google Scholar 

  160. Beck TL, Klatte SJ (2000) Unified Chromatogr 748:67–81

    Google Scholar 

  161. Young DC (2001) Computational chemistry, a practical guide for applying techniques to real-world problems. Wiley-Interscience, New York

    Google Scholar 

  162. Leach AR (2001) Molecular modelling: principles and applications 2nd edn. Prentice Hall, London

    Google Scholar 

  163. Klatte SJ, Beck TL (1993) J Phys Chem 97:5727–5734

    Google Scholar 

  164. Klatte SJ, Beck TL (1995) J Phys Chem 99:16024–16032

    Google Scholar 

  165. Yarovsky I, Aguilar MI, Hearn MTW (1994) J Chromatogr A 660:75–84

    Google Scholar 

  166. Yarovsky I, Aguilar ML, Hearn MTW (1995) Anal Chem 67:2145–2153

    Google Scholar 

  167. Ban K, Saito Y, Jinno K (2004) Anal Sci 20:1403–1408

    Google Scholar 

  168. Mountain RD, Hubbard JB, Meuse CW, Simmons V (2001) J Phys Chem B 105:9503–9508

    Google Scholar 

  169. Slusher JT, Mountain RD (1999) J Phys Chem B 103:1354–1362

    Google Scholar 

  170. Lippa KA, Sander LC, Mountain RD (2004) Molecular dynamics simulations of alkylsilane stationary phase order and disorder. Unpublished work

  171. Sun H (1998) J Phys Chem B 102:7338–7364

    Google Scholar 

  172. Wick CD, Siepmann JI, Schure MR (2004) Anal Chem 76:2886–2892

    Google Scholar 

  173. Wick CD, Siepmann JI, Schure MR (2002) Anal Chem 74:3518–3524

    Google Scholar 

  174. Wick CD, Siepmann JI, Schure MR (2001) J Phys Chem B 105:10961–10966

    Google Scholar 

  175. Schure MR (1998) Adv Chromatogr 39:139–200

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Zhuravlev ND, Siepmann JI, Schure MR (2001) Anal Chem 73:4006–4011

    Google Scholar 

  177. Snyder RG, Strauss HL, Elliger CA (1982) J Phys Chem 86:5145–5150

    Google Scholar 

  178. Parikh AN, Allara DL, Azouz IB, Rondelez F (1994) J Phys Chem 98:7577–7590

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Engel LW, Prendergast FG (1981) Biochemistry 20:7338–7345

    Google Scholar 

  180. Pursch M, Vanderhart DL, Sander LC, Gu X, Nguyen T, Wise SA (2000) J Am Chem Soc 122:6997–7011

    Google Scholar 

  181. Engelhardt H, Nikolov M, Arangio M, Scherer M (1998) Chromatographia 48:183–189

    Google Scholar 

  182. Pesek JJ, Matyska MT, Pan XF (2003) J Chromatogr A 992:57–65

    Google Scholar 

  183. Lesellier E, Tchapla A (2003) HPLC 2003 in Nice, France

  184. Raitza M, Herold M, Ellwanger A, Gauglitz G, Albert K (2000) Macromol Chem Phys 201:825–829

    Google Scholar 

  185. Wasserman SR, Tao YT, Whitesides GM (1989) Langmuir 5:1074

    Google Scholar 

  186. Silberzan P, Leger L, Ausserre D, Benattar JJ (1991) Langmuir 7:1647–1651

    Google Scholar 

  187. Ellison EH, Marshall DB (1991) J Phys Chem 95:808–813

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899-8392, USA

    Lane C. Sander, Katrice A. Lippa & Stephen A. Wise

Authors
  1. Lane C. Sander
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Katrice A. Lippa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Stephen A. Wise
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lane C. Sander.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sander, L.C., Lippa, K.A. & Wise, S.A. Order and disorder in alkyl stationary phases. Anal Bioanal Chem 382, 646–668 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-005-3127-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-005-3127-2

Keywords

  • Conformational order
  • Stationary phase
  • Alkyl-modified surface
  • Raman spectroscopy
  • Nuclear magnetic resonance
  • Molecular dynamics simulation