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Direct determination of copper in urine using a sol–gel optical sensor coupled to a multicommutated flow system

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Abstract

In this work, a multicommutated flow system incorporating a sol–gel optical sensor is proposed for direct spectrophotometric determination of Cu(II) in urine. The optical sensor was developed by physical entrapment of 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol (PAR) in sol–gel thin films by means of a base-catalysed process. The immobilised PAR formed a red 2:1 complex with Cu(II) with maximum absorbance at 500 nm. Optical transduction was based on a dual-colour light-emitting diode (LED) (green/red) light source and a photodiode detector. The sensor had optimum response and good selectivity towards Cu(II) at pH 7.0 and its regeneration was accomplished with picolinic acid. Linear response was obtained for Cu(II) concentrations between 5.0 and 80.0 μg L−1, with a detection limit of 3.0 μg L−1 and sampling frequency of 14 samples h−1. Interference from foreign ions was studied at a 10:1 (w/w) ion:Cu(II) ratio. Results obtained from analysis of urine samples were in very good agreement with those obtained by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP–MS); there was no significant differences at a confidence level of 95%.

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Acknowledgement

Paula C.A. Jerónimo thanks FCT and FSE (III QCA) for financial support (Ph.D. Grant SFRH/BD/2876/2000).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. REQUIMTE/Departamento de Química-Física, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Aníbal Cunha 164, 4099-030, Porto, Portugal

    Paula C. A. Jerónimo, Alberto N. Araújo & M. Conceição B. S. M. Montenegro

  2. Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Cx. Postal 6154, CEP 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil

    Celio Pasquini & Ivo M. Raimundo Jr

Authors
  1. Paula C. A. Jerónimo
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  2. Alberto N. Araújo
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  3. M. Conceição B. S. M. Montenegro
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  4. Celio Pasquini
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  5. Ivo M. Raimundo Jr
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Correspondence to Alberto N. Araújo.

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Jerónimo, P.C.A., Araújo, A.N., Montenegro, M.C.B.S.M. et al. Direct determination of copper in urine using a sol–gel optical sensor coupled to a multicommutated flow system. Anal Bioanal Chem 380, 108–114 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-004-2718-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-004-2718-7

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