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The geometry of calix[3]pyrrole and the formation of the calix[3]pyrrole·F− complex in solution

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Abstract

The accurate determination of the spectral data for strained molecules is challenging, as their geometries in solid state and in solution may differ because the molecules undergo continuous dynamical changes between different conformations. Calix[3]pyrrole, the recently synthesized smallest calixpyrrole, has the Cs point group of symmetry in its crystal structure, despite showing a single chemical shift value for the N–H protons in solution, which suggests that the geometry of calix[3]pyrrole could take a time-averaged, bowl-shaped geometry having a C3v or C3 point group of symmetry in solution. Density functional theory calculations and molecular dynamics simulations showed the most stable geometry of calix[3]pyrrole in the Cs point group of symmetry, and continuous transformation among the equivalent geometries of calix[3]pyrrole. The rapid dynamical change among the conformations of calix[3]pyrrole in the Cs point group of symmetry is the reason behind the observed experimental chemical shift value. The presence of halide (X− = F−, Cl−, Br−, I−) anions can form stable, bowl-shaped calix[3]pyrrole·X− complexes, and the study on calix[3]pyrrole·F− showed that three NH···F hydrogen bonds are responsible for their stability. The chemical shift value for the N–H protons in calix[3]pyrrole·F− is highly deshielded, as the F− anion lowers electron density in the vicinity of these H-atoms. The consideration of dynamics is helpful in understanding the structure of strained molecules and associated spectral data.

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Acknowledgements

This work was partly supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for Specially Promoted Research (No. 18H05209) and Challenging Research (Exploratory) (No. 21K18970) to Y.Hijikata. This work was also supported JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Research (Exploratory) (No. 20K21214), Scientific Research (B) (No. 22H02058), and JST FOREST Program (No. JPMJFR211H), Research grant by Nagase Science and Technology Foundation of which Y. Inokuma is the principal investigator. Y. Ide is grateful for a Grant-in-Aid for Early-Career Scientists grant (No. 21K14597). The Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (ICReDD) was established by the World Premier International Research Initiative (WPI), MEXT, Japan.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Chemical Reaction Design & Discovery (ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan

    Ranajit Saha, Jenny Pirillo, Yuki Ide, Yasuhide Inokuma & Yuh Hijikata

  2. Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan

    Yasuhide Inokuma

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  1. Ranajit Saha
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RS and YH designed the work, planned the methodology, and wrote the manuscript. RS performed on the calculations. All authors discussed and contributed in writing of the manuscript to its final version.

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Correspondence to Ranajit Saha or Yuh Hijikata.

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Saha, R., Pirillo, J., Ide, Y. et al. The geometry of calix[3]pyrrole and the formation of the calix[3]pyrrole·F− complex in solution. Theor Chem Acc 142, 50 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00214-023-02982-1

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