Abstract
Rationale
Discovering biomarkers of major depressive disorder (MDD) can give a deeper understanding of this mood disorder and improve the ability to screen for, diagnose, and treat MDD.
Objectives
In this study, metabolomics was used in unraveling metabolite fluctuations of MDD and drug outcome by creating specific metabolomic fingerprints. We report metabolomic patterns of change of the hippocampus of adult male Wistar rats following chronic social isolation (CSIS) (6 weeks), an animal model of depression, and/or chronic tianeptine (Tian) treatment (10 mg kg−1 per day) (lasting 3 weeks of 6-week CSIS), monitored by using comprehensive GC × GC–MS.
Results
The comparative metabolomic analysis highlighted the role of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), iso-allocholate, and unsaturated fatty acid metabolism alterations following the CSIS, which was corroborated with moderate to strong negative Pearson’s correlation of GABA, docosahexaenoic, 9-hexadecenoic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic, and arachidonic acids with immobility behavior in the forced swim test. The antidepressant effect of Tian restored GABA levels, which was absent in Tian resilient rats. Tian decreased myo-inositol and increased TCA cycle intermediates, amino acids, and cholesterol and its metabolite. As key molecules of divergence between Tian effectiveness and resilience, metabolomics revealed myo-inositol, GABA, cholesterol, and its metabolite. A significant moderate positive correlation between myo-inositol and immobility was revealed. Tian probably acted by upregulating NMDAR’s and α2 adrenergic receptors (AR) or norepinephrine transporter in both control and stressed animals.
Conclusion
Metabolomics revealed several dysregulations underlying CSIS-induced depressive-like behavior and responsiveness to Tian, predominantly converging into NMDAR-mediated glutamate and myo-inositol signalization and GABA inhibitory pathways.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Andrijana Stanisavljević, Ph.D. student of the “VINČA” Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, for the help during animal experiments.
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This work was funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (registration number: 451–03-68/2022–14/ 200017 and financed partly 451–03-9/2021–14/200026 and 451–03-9/2021–14/ 200168).
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Perić, I., Lješević, M., Beškoski, V. et al. Metabolomic profiling relates tianeptine effectiveness with hippocampal GABA, myo-inositol, cholesterol, and fatty acid metabolism restoration in socially isolated rats. Psychopharmacology 239, 2955–2974 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06180-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06180-y