Abstract
Rationale
In the USA, nicotine and cannabis are the most common licit and illicit drugs used among pregnant women. Importantly, nicotine and cannabis are now being combined for consumption via e-cigarettes, an increasingly popular delivery device. Both nicotine and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive component of cannabis, cross the placenta barrier. However, the consequences of prenatal cannabis use are not well understood, and less is known about potential combination effects when consumed with nicotine, especially via e-cigarettes.
Objective
The present study used a rodent model to examine how prenatal e-cigarette exposure to nicotine, THC, and the combination impacts motor development among offspring.
Methods
Pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats were exposed to nicotine (36 mg/mL), THC (100 mg/mL), the combination, or vehicle via e-cigarette inhalation from gestational days (GD) 5–20. One sex pair per litter was tested on an early sensorimotor development task (postnatal days [PD] 12–20) and a parallel bar motor coordination task (PD 30–32).
Results
Combined prenatal exposure to nicotine and THC delayed sensorimotor development, even though neither drug produced impairments on their own. In contrast, prenatal exposure to either nicotine or THC impaired motor coordination, whereas combined exposure exacerbated these effects, particularly among females.
Conclusions
These data illustrate that prenatal exposure to either nicotine or THC may alter motor development, and that the combination may produce more severe effects. These findings have important implications for pregnant women as we better understand the teratogenic effects of these drugs consumed via e-cigarettes.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program grant (28IP-0026) to JDT. It was also supported by a National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism training grant (T32AA007456-38) and a National Institutes of Health Loan Repayment Program award to KRB. THC was obtained from the National Institute on Drug Abuse Drug Supply Program. Special thanks to Maury Cole at La Jolla Alcohol Research, Inc. (San Diego, CA) for building the vapor inhalation equipment and for co-exposure advisement. Lastly, we want to recognize the members of the Center for Behavioral Teratology at San Diego State University for assisting in data collection and interpretation, particularly the instrumental efforts of Cristina Rodriguez, Karen Thomas, Jaclyn Hanson, and Jacob Lopez.
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Hussain, S., Breit, K. & Thomas, J. The effects of prenatal nicotine and THC E-cigarette exposure on motor development in rats. Psychopharmacology 239, 1579–1591 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06095-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06095-8